{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T13:46:29Z","timestamp":1792590389642,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]],"date-time":"2021-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639440000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001554","name":"massey university","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RM22764"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RM22764"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of ultrasonographically measuring the caudal vena cava (CVC) at the subxiphoid view of healthy, lightly sedated cats in a standing position and lateral recumbency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This was a prospective, observational, experimental single-centre study. Twenty healthy research-purposed cats were enrolled. Two trained operators scanned each cat in two positions \u2013 standing and lateral recumbency \u2013 in a randomised order. CVC diameter was measured at the narrowest diameter during inspiration and at the widest diameter during expiration, at two anatomical locations along the CVC \u2013 where the CVC crosses the diaphragm (base) and 2\u2009mm caudal to the diaphragm. The CVC collapsibility index (CVC-CI) was calculated for each site. Normalcy was assessed with a Shapiro\u2013Wilk test. A one-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey\u2019s test was used to compare inspiratory with expiratory values within and between groups. A paired\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">t<\/jats:italic>\n                      -test compared the CVC-CI between groups (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2a7d0.05 indicated statistical significance). Spearman\u2019s correlation and Bland\u2013Altman analysis assessed inter-operator variability.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All ultrasonographic data passed normalcy and were reported as mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD. When compared with each other, inspiratory and expiratory values were statistically different for position, location and operator (all\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.0001). There was no statistically significant difference between lateral recumbency or standing position for inspiratory, expiratory and CVC-CI values. Inter-operator variability was substantial, with operator 2 consistently obtaining smaller measurements than operator 1. The mean CVC-CI in lateral recumbency at the base was 24% for operator 1 and 37% for operator 2. For the same site in standing position, CVC-CI was 27% and 41% for operators 1 and 2, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This pilot study demonstrates that it is possible to ultrasonographically measure the CVC diameter in both lateral recumbency and a standing position in healthy, lightly sedated cats. However, measurements obtained are operator dependent with variability between individuals. Further studies are needed to determine if ultrasonographic CVC assessment will prove helpful in estimating intravascular volume status in cats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612x211064697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]],"date-time":"2021-12-14T08:16:10Z","timestamp":1639469770000},"page":"1039-1045","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Ultrasonographically derived caudal vena cava parameters acquired in a standing position and lateral recumbency in healthy, lightly sedated cats: a pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Tove M","family":"Hultman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0936-4834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f8ren R","family":"Boysen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6629-0221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivayla D","family":"Yozova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12631"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12477"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.117.6.1749"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa010307"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1355-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000455061"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000000659"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","article-title":"Association of fluid accumulation with clinical outcomes in critically ill children with severe sepsis.","volume":"11","author":"Chen J","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen J, Li X, Bai Z, et al. Association of fluid accumulation with clinical outcomes in critically ill children with severe sepsis. PLoS One 2016; 11: DOI: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0160093.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-018-5415-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/3\/2\/304"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15549"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.587564"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X13477539"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","first-page":"385","article-title":"Some circulatory responses to hamorrhage in the cat: a critical level of blood volume for the on-set of hypotension.","volume":"50","author":"Groom AC","year":"1965","unstructured":"Groom AC, Rowlands S, Thomas HW. Some circulatory responses to hamorrhage in the cat: a critical level of blood volume for the on-set of hypotension. Q J Exp Physiol Cogn Med Sci 1965; 50: 385\u2013405.","journal-title":"Q J Exp Physiol Cogn Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3182a9557e"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.424"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14793"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15136"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.13009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X211028838."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4162-11366"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2013.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11010158"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(87)80084-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejechocard\/jer018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.07.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2009.02.062"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2013.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.77.2.137"}],"container-title":["Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1098612X211064697","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1098612X211064697","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1098612X211064697","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T13:20:24Z","timestamp":1792588824000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1098612X211064697"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1098612X211064697"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1098612x211064697","relation":{},"ISSN":["1098-612X","1532-2750"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1098-612X","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-2750","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]]}}}