{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T18:14:08Z","timestamp":1789755248199,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614211200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Practical relevance:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Abdominal ultrasound plays a vital role in the diagnostic work-up of many cats presenting to general and specialist practitioners. Ultrasound examination of the spleen provides important information to aid the investigation of several conditions and is particularly relevant when an enlarged or irregular spleen is identified during abdominal palpation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical challenges:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite ultrasonography being a commonly used modality, many practitioners are not comfortable performing an ultrasound examination or interpreting the resulting images. Even for the experienced ultrasonographer, differentiating between incidental findings and pathological changes can be challenging.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review, part of an occasional series on feline abdominal ultrasonography, discusses the ultrasound examination of the normal and diseased spleen. Aimed at general practitioners who wish to improve their knowledge of and confidence in feline abdominal ultrasound, this review is accompanied by high-resolution images and videos available online as supplementary material.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Equipment:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ultrasound facilities are readily available to most practitioners, although the use of ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool is highly dependent on operator experience.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Evidence base:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Information provided in this article is drawn from the published literature and the author\u2019s own clinical experience.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612x21993658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T04:02:06Z","timestamp":1614225726000},"page":"241-255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Feline abdominal ultrasonography: What\u2019s normal? What\u2019s abnormal? The spleen"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Sally","family":"Griffin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BVSc, CertAVP, DipECVDI, Radiology Department, Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Highlands Road, Shirley, Solihull B90 4NH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X16667440"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-4867-1.00010-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-48247-9.00052-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2001.tb00967.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X13508947"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"877","volume-title":"Textbook of veterinary internal medicine","author":"Argyle DJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Argyle DJ, O\u2019Brien RT. Nonneoplastic diseases of the spleen. In: Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC, Cote E (eds). Textbook of veterinary internal medicine. 8th ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier, 2017, pp 877\u2013887.","edition":"8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12791"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"239","volume-title":"Atlas of small animal ultrasonography","author":"Hecht S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hecht S, Mai W. Spleen. In: Penninck D, d\u2019Anjou MA (eds). Atlas of small animal ultrasonography. 2nd ed. Iowa: John Wiley & Sons, 2015, pp 239\u2013258.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2012.01990.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0264.2008.00866.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1989.50.06.860"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1991.53.04.597"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X17697483"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X19873197"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X19837336"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1992.200.06.829"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1992.201.05.773"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1997.tb00085.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.248.11.1267"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15648"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2018.19.6.827"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5829.2012.00341.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2005.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2004.04008.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2010.01725.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1991.tb00093.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2000.36176"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5326\/0460152"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.230.5.690"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","first-page":"369","article-title":"Disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection in a cat","volume":"43","author":"Barry M","year":"2002","unstructured":"Barry M, Taylor J, Woods JP. Disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection in a cat. Can Vet J 2002; 43: 369\u2013371.","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2001.tb01577.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2055116918795023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","first-page":"252","volume-title":"J Vet Intern Med","author":"Kraje AC","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kraje AC, Patton CS, Edwards DF. Malignant histiocytosis in 3 cats. J Vet Intern Med 2001; 15: 252\u2013256."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1984.184.01.68","article-title":"Two-dimensional, gray-scale ultrasonography for assessment of hepatic and splenic neoplasia in the dog and cat","volume":"184","author":"Feeney DA","year":"1984","unstructured":"Feeney DA, Johnston GR, Hardy RM. Two-dimensional, gray-scale ultrasonography for assessment of hepatic and splenic neoplasia in the dog and cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1984; 184: 68\u201381.","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12127"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","first-page":"E1","article-title":"Histoplasmosis","volume":"33","author":"Lin Blache J","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lin Blache J, Ryan K, Arceneaux K. Histoplasmosis. Compend Contin Educ Vet 2011; 33: E1\u201310.","journal-title":"Compend Contin Educ Vet"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-5735"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X12452494"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-5758"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(03)00035-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","first-page":"299","article-title":"Morphological characterisation of malignant histiocytosis in a cat","volume":"67","author":"Cortese L","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cortese L, Paciello O, Papparella S. Morphological characterisation of malignant histiocytosis in a cat. Folia Morphol (Warsz) 2008; 67: 299\u2013303.","journal-title":"Folia Morphol (Warsz)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1993.203.09.1300"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.71.817"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2009.00209.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2002.tb01003.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","first-page":"1212","article-title":"Percutaneous drainage of subcapsular splenic hematoma: an experimental model in dogs","volume":"64","author":"Sofer M","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sofer M, Michowitz M, Mandelbaum Y, et al. Percutaneous drainage of subcapsular splenic hematoma: an experimental model in dogs. Am Surg 1998; 64: 1212\u20131214.","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2006.00157.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1996.tb01232.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1972.160.08.1101","article-title":"Myelolipomas in the spleen of a cat","volume":"160","author":"Sandler CH","year":"1972","unstructured":"Sandler CH, Langham RF. Myelolipomas in the spleen of a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1972; 160: 1101\u20131103.","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030098587801500414"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1972.160.08.1101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12367"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1995.tb03287.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2006.00169.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2012.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci7020055"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12709"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(02)00082-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1987.tb01997.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","first-page":"100","volume-title":"BSAVA manual of canine and feline ultrasonography","author":"Mahoney P","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mahoney P. Spleen. In: Barr F, Gaschen L (eds). BSAVA manual of canine and feline ultrasonography. Gloucestershire: British Small Animal Veterinary Association, 2012, pp 100\u2013109."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2009.00115.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","unstructured":"Raskin RE Meyer D. Canine and feline cytology: a color atlas and interpretation guide. St Louis MO: Elsevier Health Sciences 2015."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2008.00701.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2010.01778.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1993.203.03.413"}],"container-title":["Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1098612X21993658","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1098612X21993658","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1098612X21993658","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T05:49:12Z","timestamp":1784094552000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1098612X21993658"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1098612X21993658"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1098612x21993658","relation":{},"ISSN":["1098-612X","1532-2750"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1098-612X","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-2750","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]}}}