{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T17:24:39Z","timestamp":1793813079143,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]],"date-time":"2022-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]],"date-time":"2022-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667952000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"\n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n \n The aims of this study were: to describe the potassium-lowering treatment strategies used to manage moderate-to-severe hyperkalemia in male cats with urethral obstruction (UO); to determine how much dextrose was required per unit of insulin to prevent hypoglycemia; to determine whether early initiation of a dextrose continuous rate infusion (CRI) prevented hypoglycemia; and to determine whether in-hospital mortality was associated with presenting plasma potassium concentration ([K\n +<\/jats:sup>\n ]).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n The medical records of male cats presenting with a [K\n +<\/jats:sup>\n ] \u2a7e7.0\u2009mEq\/l due to UO that had another [K\n +<\/jats:sup>\n ] measured within 6 h were reviewed retrospectively. All [K\n +<\/jats:sup>\n ] values within the first 6 h, blood glucose concentrations, treatments for hyperkalemia and survival to discharge were recorded. Analyses were performed to test for associations between dextrose:insulin ratios or method of dextrose administration and the development of hypoglycemia; and for presenting [K\n +<\/jats:sup>\n ] and mortality. Normally distributed groups of continuous data were compared with a\n t<\/jats:italic>\n -test and categorical data were compared with a Fisher\u2019s exact test.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Fifty cats were included. Mean presenting [K\n +<\/jats:sup>\n ] was 8.9\u2009\u00b1\u20091.0\u2009mEq\/l, while the mean final [K\n +<\/jats:sup>\n ] within 6\u2009h was 6.6\u2009\u00b1\u20091.4\u2009mEq\/l. Forty-two (84%) cats were treated with intravenous fluids and 40 (80%) were treated with dextrose and insulin. Median dextrose:insulin ratio was 2\u2009g\/u (range 0.4\u2013100). No dextrose:insulin ratio was found to protect against hypoglycemia, and 3\/8 cats that became hypoglycemic had received \u2a7e2\u2009g dextrose per unit of insulin. There was no association between the early initiation of a dextrose-containing CRI and avoidance of hypoglycemia. No association was found between presenting [K\n +<\/jats:sup>\n ] and mortality.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and relevance<\/jats:title>\n While no specific dextrose:insulin ratio was found to protect against hypoglycemia, there is evidence that the commonly recommended dextrose:insulin ratio of 2\u2009g\/u may be inadequate in preventing hypoglycemia in every cat. Severity of hyperkalemia was not associated with mortality.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612x221127234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]],"date-time":"2022-11-09T12:06:42Z","timestamp":1667995602000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Treatment strategies for hyperkalemia secondary to urethral obstruction in 50 male cats: 2002\u20132017"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Jessica M","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3726-0706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamie M","family":"Burkitt-Creedon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven E","family":"Epstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12889"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooper E. Feline lower urinary tract obstruction. In: Drobatz KJ Hopper K Rozanski E et al (eds). Textbook of small animal emergency medicine. Hoboken NJ: John Wiley and Sons 2019 pp 634\u2013640.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119028994.ch99"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"Bersenas AM Mathews KA. Potassium (hypokalemia\/hyperkalemia). In: Mathews KA (ed). Veterinary emergency and critical care manual. Guelph: LifeLearn 2017 pp 555\u2013564."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/263768"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DiBartola SP DeMorais HA. Disorders of potassium: hypokalemia and hyperkalemia. In: DiBartola SP (ed). Fluid electrolyte and acid-base disorders in small animal practice. 4th ed. St Louis MO: Elsevier Saunders 2012 pp 92\u2013119.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4377-0654-3.00012-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2017.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"888","volume-title":"Clinical physiology of acid-base and electrolyte disorders","author":"Rose BD","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rose BD, Post TW. Hyperkalemia. In: Rose BD, Post TW (eds). Clinical physiology of acid-base and electrolyte disorders. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001, pp 888\u2013930.","edition":"5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","article-title":"Pharmacological interventions for the acute management of hyperkalaemia in adults.","volume":"10","author":"Batterink J","year":"2015","unstructured":"Batterink J, Cessford TA, Taylor RAI. Pharmacological interventions for the acute management of hyperkalaemia in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 10. DOI: 10.1002\/14651858.CD010344.pub2.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2016.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2004.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(98)50055-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"251","article-title":"Insulin\/dextrose therapy of hyperkalemia: a comparison of two doses [abstract].","volume":"18","author":"Loeb RG","year":"1989","unstructured":"Loeb RG, Follett DV, Haskins SC. Insulin\/dextrose therapy of hyperkalemia: a comparison of two doses [abstract]. Vet Surg 1989; 18: 251.","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2596"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(89)50029-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-0279(77)50038-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","first-page":"595","article-title":"In-hospital medical management of feline urethral obstruction: a review of recent clinical research.","volume":"61","author":"Cosford KL","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cosford KL, Koo ST. In-hospital medical management of feline urethral obstruction: a review of recent clinical research. Can Vet J 2020; 61: 595\u2013604.","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12278"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12914"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12611"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2010.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2007.06.007"}],"container-title":["Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1098612X221127234","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1098612X221127234","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1098612X221127234","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T13:20:12Z","timestamp":1792588812000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1098612X221127234"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1098612X221127234"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1098612x221127234","relation":{},"ISSN":["1098-612X","1532-2750"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1098-612X","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-2750","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]]}}}