{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:11:54Z","timestamp":1787019114791,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012895","name":"Zoetis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012895","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to investigate if cat caregivers could reliably assess acute pain using the Feline Grimace Scale (FGS), and if participant demographics could affect scores.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An online survey in English and Spanish was advertised by International Cat Care and other platforms (March\u2013May 2021) using convenience sampling. Eligible participants were caregivers &gt;18 years old and non-veterinary health professionals. Participants and a group of eight veterinarians scored 10 images of cats with different levels of pain. Data were analysed using linear models and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC; \u03b1\u2009&lt;0.05). Interpretation of the ICC was &lt;0.2\u2009=\u2009poor; 0.21\u20130.4\u2009=\u2009reasonable; 0.41\u20130.60\u2009=\u2009moderate; 0.61\u20130.80\u2009=\u2009good; and 0.81\u20131.0\u2009=\u2009very good.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 3039 responses were received with 1262 completed answers from 66 countries (86%, 11.1% and 2.9% identified as female, male or other, respectively). Scores for each action unit (AU; ear position, orbital tightening, muzzle tension, whiskers change and head position) and their sum (FGS score) were not significantly different between caregivers and veterinarians, except for muzzle (caregivers 0.9\u2009\u00b1\u20090.0; veterinarians 0.7\u2009\u00b1\u20090.1;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.035). The ICC single (caregivers) was 0.65, 0.69, 0.58, 0.37, 0.38 and 0.65, respectively, for AU ears, eyes, muzzle, whiskers, head and sum of scores. Demographic variables did not affect FGS scores.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Total FGS scores had good reliability when used by cat caregivers, regardless of demographic variables, showing the potential applicability of the instrument to improve feline pain management and welfare worldwide.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612x221145499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T12:11:40Z","timestamp":1673957500000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Can cat caregivers reliably assess acute pain in cats using the Feline Grimace Scale? A large bilingual global survey"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5722-5687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz P","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montr\u00e9al, Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Netta HY","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4150-6043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo V","family":"Steagall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montr\u00e9al, Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Centre for Companion Animal Health and Welfare, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2008.00626.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2017.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.12753"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12674"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X18808103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X211066268"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139177177.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2752\/175303714X13837396326413"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.650143"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55693-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","article-title":"Inter-rater reliability of the Feline Grimace Scale in cats undergoing dental extractions.","volume":"2020","author":"Watanabe R","unstructured":"Watanabe R, Doodnaught GM, Evangelista MC, et al. 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