{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:57:48Z","timestamp":1792799868639,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Discovery Grant of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","award":["RGPIN-2018-03831"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2018-03831"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h531d29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of the present study was to investigate the construct validity, responsiveness and reliability of the Feline Grimace Scale (FGS) in kittens.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 36 healthy female kittens (aged 10 weeks to 6 months) were included in a prospective, randomized, blinded study. Video recordings of all kittens were made before and 1 and 2 h after ovariohysterectomy using an opioid-free injectable anesthetic protocol with or without multimodal analgesia. Additional recordings were taken before and 1\u2009h after administration of rescue analgesia (buprenorphine 0.02\u2009mg\/kg IM) to painful kittens. Screenshots of facial images were collected from the video recordings for FGS scoring. Four observers blinded to treatment groups and time points scored 111 randomized images twice with a 5-week interval using the FGS. Five action units (AUs) were scored (ear position, orbital tightening, muzzle tension, whiskers position and head position; 0\u20132 each). Construct validity, responsiveness, and inter- and intra-rater reliability were evaluated using linear models with Benjamini\u2013Hochberg correction, Wilcoxon signed-rank test and single intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC\n                      <jats:sub>single<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), respectively (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      FGS total ratio scores were higher at 1 and 2 h after ovariohysterectomy (median [interquartile range, IQR]: 0.30 [0.20\u20130.40] and 0.30 [0.20\u20130.40], respectively) than at baseline (median [IQR]: 0.10 [0.00\u20130.30]) (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001). FGS total ratio scores were lower after the administration of rescue analgesia (median [IQR] before and after rescue analgesia) 0.40 [0.20\u20130.50] and 0.20 [0.10\u20130.38], respectively (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001). Inter-rater ICC\n                      <jats:sub>single<\/jats:sub>\n                      was 0.68 for the FGS total ratio scores and 0.35\u20130.70 for all AUs considered individually. Intra-rater ICC\n                      <jats:sub>single<\/jats:sub>\n                      was 0.77\u20130.91 for the FGS total ratio scores and 0.55\u20131.00 for all AUs considered individually.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The FGS is a valid and responsive acute pain-scoring instrument with moderate inter-rater reliability and good to excellent intra-rater reliability in kittens.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612x231211765","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]],"date-time":"2023-12-14T11:33:05Z","timestamp":1702553585000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Construct validity, responsiveness and reliability of the Feline Grimace Scale in kittens"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2426-5459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice J","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7692-9527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annie","family":"Malo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8156-3950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Garbin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5722-5687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz P","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4150-6043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo V","family":"Steagall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Centre for Companion Animal Health and Welfare, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X18808103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.104208"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.11225"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13134"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55693-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.8967"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002474"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00302"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X221145499"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84696-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X13500431"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2010.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X231158582"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","article-title":"The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: updated guidelines for reporting animal research.","volume":"18","author":"Percie du","year":"2020","unstructured":"Percie du, Sert N, Hurst V, Ahluwalia A, et al. The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: updated guidelines for reporting animal research. PLoS Biol 2020; 18. 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