{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T00:04:45Z","timestamp":1788566685486,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Linnaeus Veterinary Limited"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to determine if there were any characteristic features of urethral ruptures (URs) on plain radiographs of cats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective, multicentre, case-control study was conducted. Radiographs including the perineum of 22 cats with UR and 70 cats without UR were blindly assessed by two reviewers, scrutinising for features including a perineal bulge, heterogeneous perineal tissue and visibility of the urinary bladder.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A significant association was identified between URs and a perineal bulge (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2a7d0.003), resulting in a sensitivity of 95.5% and a specificity in the range of 38.6\u201347.1%, and between the presence of URs and a larger perineal bulge size (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001). URs secondary to traumatic accidents were associated with a larger perineal bulge than those secondary to iatrogenic rupture. Cats with URs were more likely to have heterogeneous perineal tissue (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001). There was a significant association between pelvic fractures and a perineal bulge (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2a7d0.001), but not between pelvic fractures and URs (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.783). Binary logistic regression revealed associations between the reviewers\u2019 suspicion for a UR and the reviewers\u2019 recommendation for a lower urinary tract contrast study (LUTS) and a confirmed UR (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001). There was no significant association between an invisible urinary bladder and the presence of a UR (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2a7e0.243).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Identification of a perineal bulge or heterogeneous perineal tissue in a cat may raise suspicion for a UR, especially in the absence of musculoskeletal injury, which is crucial in reducing time to diagnosis and, therefore, treatment. However, because of the low specificity, correlation with the clinical findings and confirmation or exclusion via a LUTS remains necessary. Visibility of a urinary bladder does not exclude UR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612x251379728","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T17:36:03Z","timestamp":1762277763000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Perineal findings associated with urethral ruptures on plain lateral radiographs in cats"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6375-2558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Milne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Davies Veterinary Specialists, part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Higham Gobion, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4382-7051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"Sparks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham on the Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5806-0941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Brash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Davies Veterinary Specialists, part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Higham Gobion, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7895-6275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida","family":"de Almeida Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen\u2019s Veterinary School, Cambridge, UK"},{"name":"Small Animal Teaching Hospital, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4099-5335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Natsiopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dick White Referral Veterinary Specialists, part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Six Mile Bottom, Cambridgeshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6259-1035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Holdsworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Davies Veterinary Specialists, part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Higham Gobion, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X13508194"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Addison ES Yool DA. Urethral trauma. In: Drobatz KJ Hopper K Rozanski EA et al (eds). Textbook of small animal emergency medicine. Hoboken NJ: John Wiley & Sons 2018 pp 641\u2013645.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119028994.ch100"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5326\/0420136"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X231159073"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X241309176"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.23.07.0419"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1160\/VCOT-07-01-0010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-34-4-315"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(96)50202-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2011.10339.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hackett T. Physical examination and daily assessment of the critically ill patient. In: Silverstein D Hopper K (eds). Small animal critical care medicine. St Louis MO: Elsevier 2023 pp 9\u201314.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-76469-8.00011-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2024.2398020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","first-page":"865","volume-title":"Textbook of veterinary diagnostic radiology","author":"Brown JC","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brown JC. Urethra. In: Thrall DE (ed). Textbook of veterinary diagnostic radiology. 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