{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T20:51:38Z","timestamp":1785790298102,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of the present study was to identify the prevalence of corneal injury in cats undergoing general anesthesia (GA) while receiving prophylactic ocular lubrication, identify risk factors for corneal injury and quantify the effect of GA on tear production in cats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 42 cats undergoing GA for non-ophthalmic procedures were included. Before GA, an ocular examination including a Schirmer tear test-1 (STT-1) and fluorescein stain (FS) was performed. Prophylactic lubrication was administered at the time of anesthetic induction and repeated every 15\u2009mins until extubation. At 1\u2009h after extubation, STT-1 and FS were performed and repeated hourly for 4\u2009h. A Shapiro\u2013Wilk test and paired\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">t<\/jats:italic>\n                      -test compared STT-1 results before and after GA. Logistic regression was used to analyze corneal injury and possible risk factors for corneal injury.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No cats developed FS uptake consistent with corneal ulceration. In total, 14 cats and 23 (27.4%) eyes developed corneal erosion at all time points. There was a significant decrease in tear production at all four time points after GA. Pre-medication opioid choice and corneal exposure were identified as significant risk factors for corneal injury.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Corneal ulceration did not develop after GA in this study. There was a significant decrease in tear production in cats for at least 4\u2009h after GA. Cats appear to have a higher prevalence of corneal injury after GA compared with dogs. Frequent eye lubrication is recommended for feline patients during and after GA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612x251386135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T03:44:31Z","timestamp":1759203871000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impact of general anesthesia on feline aqueous tear production and the feline corneal epithelium"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6158-6854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaitlyn N","family":"Haubrich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Saskatoon, SK, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina L","family":"Leis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Saskatoon, SK, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2252-2243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shayna M","family":"Levitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Saskatoon, SK, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah E","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Saskatoon, SK, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynne S","family":"Sandmeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Saskatoon, SK, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199611000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1875-4597(10)60043-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12272"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1979.174.09.1006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.72.5.608"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"119","article-title":"Hospitalization disrupts the daily rhythm of tear production in cats.","author":"Di Pietro S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Di Pietro S, Tabb\u00ec M, Falcone A, et al. Hospitalization disrupts the daily rhythm of tear production in cats. Vet Ophthalmol 2022; 26 Suppl 1: 119\u2013124.","journal-title":"Vet Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-36-5-427"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","first-page":"75","article-title":"Postanaesthetic tear production and ocular irritation in cats.","volume":"43","author":"Peche N","year":"2015","unstructured":"Peche N, K\u00f6stlin R, Reese S, et al. Postanaesthetic tear production and ocular irritation in cats. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 2015; 43: 75\u201382.","journal-title":"Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X221077023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X241233116"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.256.6.681"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.70.3.394"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.242.11.1544"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198812000-00034"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03012712"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.13065"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","article-title":"Schirmer tear test value and corneal lesions\u2019 incidence during general anesthesia for non-ophthalmic surgery in non-brachycephalic dogs: a pilot study comparing three different lubricant eye drop formulations.","volume":"7","author":"Di Palma C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Di Palma C, Micieli F, Lamagna B, et al. Schirmer tear test value and corneal lesions\u2019 incidence during general anesthesia for non-ophthalmic surgery in non-brachycephalic dogs: a pilot study comparing three different lubricant eye drop formulations. Vet Sci 2020; 7. DOI: 10.3390\/vetsci7010025.","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.718811"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03006021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","first-page":"84","article-title":"Hydromorphone: pharmacology and clinical applications in cancer patients.","volume":"9","author":"Sarhill N","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sarhill N, Walsh D, Nelson KA. Hydromorphone: pharmacology and clinical applications in cancer patients. 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