{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T04:06:28Z","timestamp":1790309188650,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigated the inter-rater reliability, agreement and responsiveness of the Feline Grimace Scale (FGS) in brachycephalic cats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 28 brachycephalic cats (mean age 6.6\u2009\u00b1\u20094.4 years, mean weight 4.2\u2009\u00b1\u20091.0\u2009kg) undergoing ocular surgery were included in a prospective, randomised, blinded study. Cats presenting fear-anxiety behaviours were not enrolled. In total, 95 images of these cats were collected from video recordings pre- and postoperatively (before\/after analgesia), scored by four raters using the FGS and compared with real-time scores. Limits of agreement (LoAs) and bias were evaluated using the Bland\u2013Altman method (good or poor agreement if bias &lt;0.1 or &gt;0.1, respectively). Inter-rater reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC; &lt;0.50\u2009=\u2009poor, 0.50\u20130.75\u2009=\u2009moderate, 0.76\u20130.90\u2009=\u2009good and &gt;0.90\u2009=\u2009excellent reliability). Generalised linear mixed models evaluated responsiveness (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Inter-rater reliability (ICC\n                      <jats:sub>single<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) was poor for muzzle tension (0.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.36\u20130.58) and whiskers change (0.34, 95% CI 0.22\u20130.46), good for ear (0.81, 95% CI 0.74\u20130.86) and eye position (0.84, 95% CI 0.79\u20130.88), moderate for head position (0.71, 95% CI 0.59\u20130.79) and good for FGS total ratio scores (0.76, 95% CI 0.68\u20130.82). LoAs were in the range of \u20130.37 to 0.22 with a bias of \u20130.08, suggesting that some cats could have their scores affected in comparison with real-time scores. Mean FGS total scores decreased after analgesia pre- (0.56\u2009\u00b1\u20090.10 vs 0.38\u2009\u00b1\u20090.15;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.005) and postoperatively (0.60\u2009\u00b1\u20090.18 vs 0.36\u2009\u00b1\u20090.15;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The FGS is a responsive pain-scoring instrument in brachycephalic cats with ocular pain, with good agreement and excellent inter-rater reliability for total ratio scores. Pain may be overestimated using image assessment in some brachycephalic cats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612x251401338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T12:38:46Z","timestamp":1763469526000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Challenges using the Feline Grimace Scale in brachycephalic cats with ocular pain"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9196-585X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrine","family":"Marangoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, St-Hyacinthe, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Veterinary Specialty Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8156-3950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Garbin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, St-Hyacinthe, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9791-2498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly","family":"St Denis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St Denis Veterinary Professional Corporation, Powassan, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Bosmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2747-6319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed S U H","family":"Bukhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Vanore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, St-Hyacinthe, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4150-6043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo V","family":"Steagall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, St-Hyacinthe, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0264.2003.00448.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2009.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161777"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49317-4","article-title":"Persian cats under first opinion veterinary care in the UK: demography, mortality and disorders.","volume":"9","author":"O\u2019Neill DG","year":"2019","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill DG, Romans C, Brodbelt DC, et al. 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