{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T23:27:19Z","timestamp":1777850839993,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study described the pharmacokinetics of bupivacaine after bilateral maxillary and caudal inferior alveolar nerve blocks in adult cats under general anaesthesia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 10 healthy adult cats (mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD weight 4.8\u2009\u00b1\u20090.8\u2009kg) were included in a randomised, prospective trial. The anaesthetic protocol consisted of acepromazine-methadone-propofol-isoflurane. Each cat randomly received 0.2 (BUPI2) or 0.3\u2009ml (BUPI3) of bupivacaine 0.5% per site (4 and 6\u2009mg per cat, respectively) (n\u2009=\u20095\/group). Blood was collected before (time 0) and at 2, 7, 20, 30, 60, 120, 240, 360, 480 and 600\u2009mins after all dental blocks. Plasma concentrations of bupivacaine were analysed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The pharmacokinetics of bupivacaine were described using a non-compartmental analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mean doses of bupivacaine were significantly different (BUPI2: 0.88\u2009\u00b1\u20090.14\u2009mg\/kg; BUPI3: 1.22\u2009\u00b1\u20090.21\u2009mg\/kg). For BUPI2 and BUPI3, mean maximum bupivacaine plasma concentrations (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C<\/jats:italic>\n                      max) were 825\u2009\u00b1\u2009299 and 926\u2009\u00b1\u2009197\u2009ng\/ml at 5.0\u2009\u00b1\u20092.7 and 9.6\u2009\u00b1\u20095.8\u2009mins (time to peak concentration); mean area under the curve to the last measured concentration was 142\u2009\u00b1\u200936 and 180\u2009\u00b1\u200960\u2009min*\u00b5g\/ml; mean clearance was 5.4\u2009\u00b1\u20090.8 and 7\u2009\u00b1\u20095.7\u2009ml\/min\/kg; mean elimination half-life was 245\u2009\u00b1\u200954 and 278\u2009\u00b1\u200990\u2009mins; and mean residence time to the last measured concentration was 185\u2009\u00b1\u200913 and 182\u2009\u00b1\u200933 mins, respectively. Concentrations of bupivacaine were detected up to 600\u2009mins (72\u2009\u00b1\u200922\u2009ng\/ml in BUPI2 and 104\u2009\u00b1\u200955\u2009ng\/ml in BUPI3).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Bilateral maxillary and caudal inferior alveolar nerve blocks using two volumes and doses of administration produced\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      below those reported to cause toxicity in cats. Further studies are warranted to investigate the pharmacodynamics of dental blocks in cats.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612x251407158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T12:38:01Z","timestamp":1764679081000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pharmacokinetics of bupivacaine after bilateral maxillary and caudal inferior alveolar nerve blocks using two injection volumes in adult cats"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4150-6043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo V","family":"Steagall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5722-5687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz P","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8156-3950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Garbin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8174-1278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Benito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne LM","family":"Ruel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Cagnardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Lodi (MI), Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13566"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13132"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1997.211.11.1403"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2000.61.1245"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X14533551"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2024.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2011.00654.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14081548"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gracis M. The oral cavity. In: Campoy L Read MR (eds). Small animal regional anesthesia and analgesia. Wiley-Blackwell 2013 pp 119\u2013140.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118783382.ch10"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","first-page":"124","article-title":"Efficacy and pharmacokinetics of bupivacaine with epinephrine or dexmedetomidine after intraperitoneal administration in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy.","volume":"82","author":"Benito J","year":"2018","unstructured":"Benito J, Monteiro B, Beaudry F, et al. Efficacy and pharmacokinetics of bupivacaine with epinephrine or dexmedetomidine after intraperitoneal administration in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. 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