{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T18:31:25Z","timestamp":1794335485073,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764720000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study aimed to assess the clinical efficacy, safety and outcomes of legally prescribed and compounded GS-441524, with or without prior remdesivir, in cats with confirmed or highly suspected feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in the Netherlands. A standardised diagnostic and treatment protocol was used to evaluate clinical response, adverse effects and prognostic factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This prospective, multicentre study included 127 client-owned cats with FIP, enrolled between June and November 2023 from three Dutch veterinary clinics. Diagnosis followed American Association of Feline Practitioners (AAFP)\/EveryCat guidelines, incorporating clinical findings, laboratory data, imaging, cytology and RT-qPCR performed on either fine-needle aspirates or effusion. Cats were treated for a minimum of 12 weeks with oral GS-441524, with some initially receiving intravenous remdesivir before transitioning to oral therapy. Dosing was based on disease form (effusive, non-effusive, ocular, neurological). Follow-up included physical examinations and clinicopathological monitoring. Descriptive statistics, Kaplan\u2013Meier survival analysis and Cox regression were used for data analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 127 cats, 55.9% had effusive, 19.7% non-effusive, 16.5% ocular and 7.9% neurological FIP; 21.3% showed mixed forms. Most cats were aged under 2 years (87.4%), male (77.2%) and purebred (60.6%). Common clinical signs included lethargy (93%) and inappetence (83%). Overall survival was 78%. Ocular FIP had the highest survival (100%), while neurological FIP had the lowest (60%). Elevated serum bilirubin and creatinine concentrations at presentation were associated with reduced survival. Adverse effects were generally mild and transient, with vomiting (33%) and diarrhoea (29%) most commonly reported.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study confirms that GS-441524, with or without prior remdesivir, is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for naturally occurring FIP. Clinical improvement was typically rapid; resolution of laboratory abnormalities took longer. These findings support the legal use of GS-441524 in feline practice and highlight the need for further research to refine treatment protocols.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612x251407741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T03:37:24Z","timestamp":1764819444000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Legal treatment of feline infectious peritonitis in the Netherlands"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4586-7025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marieke","family":"Knies","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"AniCura Specialist Referral Centre Haaglanden, Rijswijk, Zuid Holland, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annechien I","family":"Smalbroek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Astrid L","family":"Kamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marleen","family":"Assink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IVC Evidensia Referral Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Onis-Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AniCura Specialist Referral Centre Haaglanden, Rijswijk, Zuid Holland, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikki","family":"Hofman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AniCura Specialist Referral Centre Haaglanden, Rijswijk, Zuid Holland, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilona","family":"Bontekoning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IVC Evidensia Referral Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myrthe","family":"Lubbers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Els M","family":"Broens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans S","family":"Kooistra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7521-8173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik","family":"Teske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marja K","family":"de Jong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1306-8605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingeborg M","family":"van Geijlswijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Pharmacy, Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2020.1845917"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v11111068"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985814522077"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X221118761"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.04.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2004.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2020.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2014.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X18758592"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84754-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13856"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aivir.2016.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X231194460"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X15586209"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.04.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X19825701"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15780"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2020.100128"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","article-title":"Unlicensed GS-441524-like antiviral therapy can be effective for at-home treatment of feline infectious peritonitis.","volume":"11","author":"Jones S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jones S, Novicoff W, Nadeau J, et al. Unlicensed GS-441524-like antiviral therapy can be effective for at-home treatment of feline infectious peritonitis. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11. DOI: 10.3390\/ani11082257.","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","article-title":"Prognostic prediction for therapeutic effects of Mutian on 324 client-owned cats with feline infectious peritonitis based on clinical laboratory indicators and physical signs.","volume":"10","author":"Katayama M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Katayama M, Uemura Y. Prognostic prediction for therapeutic effects of Mutian on 324 client-owned cats with feline infectious peritonitis based on clinical laboratory indicators and physical signs. Vet Sci 2023; 10. DOI: 10.3390\/vetsci10020136.","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13112228"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16803"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/coan.2022.0016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2011.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-0934(98)00129-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-35.4.678"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16804"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","first-page":"19","article-title":"Feline infectious peritonitis: a comprehensive evaluation of clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, and therapeutic approaches.","volume":"11","author":"Moyadee W","year":"2024","unstructured":"Moyadee W, Sunpongsri S, Choowongkomon K, et al. Feline infectious peritonitis: a comprehensive evaluation of clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, and therapeutic approaches. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11: 19\u201326.","journal-title":"J Adv Vet Anim Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2010.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X12441875"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2005.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15091847"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","unstructured":"TGM StatBox. Most popular cat breeds in the Netherlands. TGM Statbox Chart. 2024. https:\/\/tgmstatbox.com\/stats\/most-popular-cat-breeds-in-netherlands\/ (accessed 4 May 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_2468_21"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31022-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2007016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2003.tb00332.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levy JK Crawford PC Werner LL. Effect of age on reference intervals of serum biochemical values in kittens. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006; 228: 1033\u20131037.","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.228.7.1033"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110532"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.17249"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.17298"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X221083752"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","article-title":"Mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase confer resistance to remdesivir by distinct mechanisms.","volume":"15","author":"Stevens LJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stevens LJ, Pruijssers AJ, Lee HW, et al. Mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase confer resistance to remdesivir by distinct mechanisms. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15. DOI: 10.1126\/scitranslmed.abo0718.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-0233(03)00055-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X16658925"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14040744"}],"container-title":["Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1098612X251407741","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1098612X251407741","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1098612X251407741","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T03:38:59Z","timestamp":1784086739000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1098612X251407741"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1098612X251407741"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1098612x251407741","relation":{},"ISSN":["1098-612X","1532-2750"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1098-612X","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-2750","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"article-number":"1098612X251407741"}}