{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T13:41:30Z","timestamp":1777470090092,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,1]],"date-time":"2003-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1049155200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biological Research For Nursing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent events in the United States have demonstrated a critical need for recognizing nurses and emergency health care providers as important elements of the nation\u2019s first line of defense and response against terrorist attacks involving biological, chemical, or radiological weapons. The anthrax letter attacks of September\/October 2001 demonstrate the importance of vigilance and attention to detail while interviewing and attending patients and when entering, reviewing, and cataloging patient records. Nursing professionals, emergency care responders, and physicians can perform a crucial role in our first-line defense against terrorism by detecting and reporting unusual or anomalous illness(es) consistent with possible exposure to biological or chemical agents. Nursing professionals should become more familiar with the etiology and clinical symptoms of biological agents of greatest current concern (smallpox, anthrax, tularemia, plague) and be alert for potentially anomalous or unfamiliar combinations of symptoms that could point to unwitting exposure to biological toxins, toxic chemicals, or cryptic radiological agents. Public health surveillance systems must be developed that encourage and facilitate the rapid reporting and follow-up investigation of suspect illnesses and potential disease outbreaks that will ensure early identification and response for covert attacks involving biological, chemical, or radiological weapons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800403251452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,28]],"date-time":"2003-04-28T06:36:11Z","timestamp":1051511771000},"page":"244-250","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["New Challenges for Public Health Care: Biological and Chemical Weapons Awareness, Surveillance, and Response"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Joseph P.","family":"Dudley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","unstructured":"Alibek K, Handelman S. 2000. Biohazard. New York: Random House."},{"key":"atypb2","unstructured":"Bakke JV. 2002. International Consensus Report on isocyanates\u2014risk assessment and management. Norwegian Labour Inspection, Oslo. Accessed October 11, 2002, at www.Arbeidstilsynet.no\/pdf\/isocyanat4.pdf"},{"key":"atypb3","unstructured":"Bozheyeva G, Kunakbayev Y, Yeleukenov D. 1999. Former Soviet biological weapons facilities in Kazakstan: past, present, and future. Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Monterey, CA, Occasional Paper #1. Accessed December 2, 2002, at http:\/\/cns.miis.edu\/pubs\/opapers\/op1\/index.htm"},{"key":"atypb4","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2001. Update: investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax\u2014Connecticut, 2001. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 50(48): 1077-9."},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.314.7077.338"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhara VR, Dhara R, Acquilla SD, Cullinan P. 2002. Personal exposure and long-term health effects in survivors of the Union Carbide disaster at Bhopal. Environ Health Perspect 110: 489-502.","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110487"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2002)052[0583:BBAEPE]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"atypb8","unstructured":"Government Accounting Office. 2001. Bioterrorism: federal research and preparedness activities. GAO-01-915. Washington, DC: Government Accounting Office. Accessed October 10, 2002, at http:\/\/www.gao.gov\/new.items\/d01915.pdf"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5406.1279"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.22.2127"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.3.1205-1210.2001"},{"key":"atypb12","unstructured":"Kortepeter M, Christopher G, Cieslak T, Culpepper R, Darling R, Rowe J, et al. 2001. Medical management of biological casualties handbook. 4th ed. Fort Detrick, MD: U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases. Accessed October 10, 2002, at http:\/\/www.usamriid.army.mil\/education\/bluebook.html"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.1998.tb02471.x"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0504.990409"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01700667"},{"key":"atypb16","unstructured":"ProMED-mail. 2002. Food poisoning, fatal\u2014China (Nanjing) (03; 18 Sept): 20020918.5347. Accessed October 10, 2002, at http:\/\/www.promedmail.org"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3194758"}],"container-title":["Biological Research For Nursing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1099800403251452","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1099800403251452","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T13:38:16Z","timestamp":1777383496000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1099800403251452"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1099800403251452"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1099800403251452","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-8004","1552-4175"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-8004","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-4175","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]}}}