{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T13:49:14Z","timestamp":1777470554922,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,25]],"date-time":"2011-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1306281600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biological Research For Nursing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Background: Drug addiction is a multifactorial disorder. Researchers have posited that an individual\u2019s inherited behavioral propensity or temperament contributes to the disorder by shaping a personality strongly linked with the risk of drug abuse. Further, they hypothesize that the polymorphism of dopamine D2 receptor increases the susceptibility to and severity of addiction. We, therefore, investigated possible associations between dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) and personality traits among intravenous heroin addicts. Methods: We assessed 93 intravenous heroin addicts and controls using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) and the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ). We confirmed drug-dependence status using a questionnaire based on DSM-IV criteria. We extracted DNA from the subjects\u2019 whole blood and genotyped it for DRD2 allelic variants. Results: Genotype analysis showed a significantly higher frequency for the TaqIA polymorphism among the addicts (69.9%) compared to control subjects (42.6%; Fisher\u2019s exact \u03c7\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    , p &lt; .05). We observed no significant differences for other variants between the addicts and controls. The addicts had higher scores for novelty seeking (NS) and harm avoidance (HA) personality traits but lower scores for reward dependence (RD) when compared to control subjects. Limitation: The environmental cues are different for the addicts, and the healthy university students we used as controls. We recommend that researchers employ a gene-environment interaction approach to study factors associated with addictive behaviors in future studies. Conclusion: Taq1A may be implicated for an increased vulnerability to addiction. Screening of this marker might be useful for identifying individuals at risk of addiction.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800411405030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,26]],"date-time":"2011-05-26T00:34:30Z","timestamp":1306370070000},"page":"188-196","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Tridimensional Personalities and Polymorphism of Dopamine D2 Receptor Among Heroin Addicts"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Lay K.","family":"Teh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacogenomics Centre (PROMISE), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Kuala, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abu F.","family":"Izuddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacogenomics Centre (PROMISE), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Kuala, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fazleen H.","family":"M. H.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacogenomics Centre (PROMISE), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Kuala, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zainul A.","family":"Zakaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacogenomics Centre (PROMISE), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Kuala, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohd. Zaki","family":"Salleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacogenomics Centre (PROMISE), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Kuala, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1099800411405030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2004.09.008"},{"key":"bibr2-1099800411405030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(95)00203-0"},{"key":"bibr3-1099800411405030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(00)00136-6"},{"key":"bibr4-1099800411405030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agl043"},{"key":"bibr5-1099800411405030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-199608000-00003"},{"key":"bibr6-1099800411405030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1990.03440150063027"},{"key":"bibr7-1099800411405030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370605101404"},{"key":"bibr8-1099800411405030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2882604"},{"key":"bibr9-1099800411405030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1987.01800180093014"},{"key":"bibr10-1099800411405030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02191803"},{"key":"bibr11-1099800411405030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(94)90154-6"},{"key":"bibr12-1099800411405030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1137073"},{"key":"bibr13-1099800411405030","volume-title":"Basic and clinical biostatistics","author":"Dawson-Sanders B.","year":"1994","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr14-1099800411405030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/FBP.0b013e3283242f05"},{"key":"bibr15-1099800411405030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(98)00110-9"},{"key":"bibr16-1099800411405030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826080701202726"},{"key":"bibr17-1099800411405030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-8329(97)00176-6"},{"key":"bibr18-1099800411405030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crvi.2007.02.017"},{"key":"bibr19-1099800411405030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2004.03.001"},{"key":"bibr20-1099800411405030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2009.08.004"},{"key":"bibr21-1099800411405030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.57.1.1"},{"key":"bibr22-1099800411405030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8628(20001009)96:5<592::AID-AJMG3>3.0.CO;2-Y"},{"key":"bibr23-1099800411405030","volume-title":"Substance abuse. 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