{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T13:46:03Z","timestamp":1777470363024,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,18]],"date-time":"2024-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723939200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72274009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72274009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biological Research For Nursing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two-sample Mendelian randomization methods were used to explore the causal effects of cognitive reserve proxies, such as educational attainment, occupational attainment, and physical activity (PA), on biological (leukocyte telomere length), phenotypic (sarcopenia-related features), and functional (frailty index and cognitive performance) aging levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Educational attainment had a potential protective effect on the telomere length ( \u03b2 = 0.10, 95% CI: 0.08\u20130.11), sarcopenia-related features ( \u03b2 = 0.04\u20130.24, 95% CI: 0.02\u20130.27), frailty risk ( \u03b2 = \u22120.31, 95% CI: \u22120.33 to \u22120.28), cognitive performance ( \u03b2 = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.75\u20130.80). Occupational attainment was causally related with sarcopenia-related features ( \u03b2 = 0.07\u20130.10, 95% CI: 0.05\u20130.14), and cognitive performance ( \u03b2 = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.24\u20130.36). Device-measured PA was potentially associated with one sarcopenia-related feature ( \u03b2 = 0.14, 95% CI: 0.03\u20130.25).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings support the potential causality of educational attainment on biological, phenotypic, and functional aging outcomes, of occupational attainment on phenotypic and functional aging-related outcomes, and of PA on phenotypic aging-related outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10998004241274271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,18]],"date-time":"2024-08-18T09:37:25Z","timestamp":1723973845000},"page":"5-16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Causal Associations of Cognitive Reserve and Hierarchical Aging-Related Outcomes: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Yanyan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Nursing, School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenhuang","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huaxin","family":"Si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Nursing, School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qinqin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Nursing, School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Nursing, School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendie","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Nursing, School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Center for Intelligent Public Health, Academy for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences (Peking University), Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8496-5621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cuili","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Nursing, School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.08.014"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr2-10998004241274271","first-page":"CD005381","author":"Angevaren M.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"bibr3-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13459"},{"key":"bibr4-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acv041"},{"key":"bibr5-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21758"},{"key":"bibr6-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21998"},{"key":"bibr7-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-017-0255-x"},{"key":"bibr8-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0068-2"},{"key":"bibr9-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2008.07.002"},{"key":"bibr10-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1109800"},{"key":"bibr11-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32150-1"},{"key":"bibr12-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-021-00166-9"},{"key":"bibr13-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00944-6"},{"key":"bibr14-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq034"},{"key":"bibr15-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.12834"},{"key":"bibr16-10998004241274271","volume-title":"Ninety-nine independent genetic loci influencing general cognitive function include genes associated with brain health and structure (N = 280,360)","author":"Davies G.","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr17-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a029785"},{"key":"bibr18-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12157"},{"key":"bibr19-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07743-4"},{"key":"bibr20-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001936"},{"key":"bibr21-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.312816"},{"key":"bibr22-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.1952402"},{"key":"bibr23-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.05.006"},{"key":"bibr24-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00011"},{"key":"bibr25-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh018"},{"key":"bibr26-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000474"},{"key":"bibr27-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7300.1447"},{"key":"bibr28-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab351"},{"key":"bibr29-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3034"},{"key":"bibr30-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146517715671"},{"key":"bibr31-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0147-3"},{"key":"bibr32-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1529100620920576"},{"key":"bibr33-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0457-8"},{"key":"bibr34-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10163700"},{"key":"bibr35-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-01334-0"},{"key":"bibr36-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1283-z"},{"key":"bibr37-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2007.04.377"},{"key":"bibr38-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12561"},{"key":"bibr39-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.14804"},{"key":"bibr40-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-8-24"},{"key":"bibr41-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyg070"},{"key":"bibr42-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040352"},{"key":"bibr43-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-022-03135-y"},{"key":"bibr44-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh144"},{"key":"bibr45-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.004"},{"key":"bibr46-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.07.219"},{"key":"bibr47-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001779"},{"key":"bibr48-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.197"},{"key":"bibr49-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.20286"},{"key":"bibr50-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01165-1"},{"key":"bibr51-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx449"},{"key":"bibr52-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005381.pub4"},{"key":"bibr53-10998004241274271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.736201"}],"container-title":["Biological Research For Nursing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10998004241274271","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10998004241274271","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10998004241274271","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T13:38:52Z","timestamp":1777383532000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10998004241274271"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,18]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10998004241274271"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10998004241274271","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-8004","1552-4175"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-8004","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-4175","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,18]]}}}