{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T04:06:47Z","timestamp":1792123607505,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778716800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biological Research For Nursing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The widespread use of epidural labor analgesia has introduced new challenges in postpartum bladder function management. Postpartum urinary retention (PUR) not only causes maternal discomfort but may also lead to bladder overdistension and long-term voiding dysfunction. This study aimed to investigate the incidence and risk factors for PUR in women undergoing vaginal delivery under epidural analgesia and to develop a predictive model for early identification of high-risk individuals. A retrospective case-control study was conducted on 1002 parturients who underwent vaginal delivery under epidural analgesia at our hospital from January 2024 to January 2026. Clinical data including demographic characteristics, labor parameters, obstetric interventions, analgesia-related factors, and neonatal outcomes were collected. The incidence of PUR was 6.4% (64\/1002). Multivariate logistic regression identified five independent risk factors: prolonged second stage of labor (\u2265 60 min, OR = 2.000, 95% CI: 1.182-3.384), episiotomy (OR = 2.801, 95% CI: 1.450-5.412), second-degree or higher perineal laceration (OR = 3.099, 95% CI: 1.542-6.229), prolonged epidural analgesia (\u2265 300 min, OR = 1.600, 95% CI: 1.019-2.513), and macrosomia (\u2265 4.0 kg, OR = 2.199, 95% CI: 1.186-4.077). The simplified scoring model (range 0\u20135) demonstrated good predictive performance with an area under the ROC curve of 0.789. Prolonged second stage of labor, episiotomy, severe perineal laceration, prolonged epidural analgesia, and macrosomia are independent risk factors for PUR in women undergoing vaginal delivery under epidural analgesia. The simplified scoring model based on these factors exhibits satisfactory predictive accuracy and may serve as a practical clinical tool for early identification of high-risk parturients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10998004261452205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T06:55:00Z","timestamp":1778828100000},"page":"549-559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Postpartum Urinary Retention in Vaginal Delivery Women Under Epidural Analgesia: Risk Factors and Nursing Strategies"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Sujie","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Suzhou Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Suzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Suzhou Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Suzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0573-3068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huimin","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Suzhou Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Suzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000540740"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_6_3_1","first-page":"00331","article-title":"Epidural versus non-epidural or no analgesia for pain management in labour","volume":"5","author":"Anim-Somuah M.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Anim-Somuah M., Smyth R. M., Cyna A. M., Cuthbert A. (2018). Epidural versus non-epidural or no analgesia for pain management in labour. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5(5), Article 00331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD000331.pub4","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/luts.12362"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14124184"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMC.0000000000000922"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-04369-1"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_6_8_1","first-page":"1164","article-title":"A nomogram prediction model for postpartum urinary retention risk for epidural labor analgesia","volume":"41","author":"Chen R.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen R., Lin J., Shangguan M. (2025). A nomogram prediction model for postpartum urinary retention risk for epidural labor analgesia. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia, 41(11), 1164\u20131168.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Anesthesia"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-022-05278-3"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_6_10_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"New progress in clinical application of painless delivery","volume":"32","author":"He Y.","year":"2023","unstructured":"He Y., Ying X. (2023). New progress in clinical application of painless delivery. China Journal of Eugenics and Genetics, 32(1), 10\u201313.","journal-title":"China Journal of Eugenics and Genetics"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-021-03938-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2022.2122800"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_6_13_1","first-page":"e95807","article-title":"Rethinking thoracotomy analgesia: Paravertebral block versus thoracic epidural analgesia in real-world practice","volume":"17","author":"Imran M.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Imran M., Hameed J., Anwar O. U., Qadeer M. K., Sheharyar Ashraf M., Khattak A. H., Khan F. R. (2025). Rethinking thoracotomy analgesia: Paravertebral block versus thoracic epidural analgesia in real-world practice. 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