{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T20:30:13Z","timestamp":1777581013835,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]],"date-time":"2021-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615420800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Orbital recurrence of malignant choroidal melanoma is quite uncommon, occurring in about 3% of patients undergoing enucleation for large tumors. Orbital recurrences after more than 10\u2009years from enucleation are even rarer. In literature, only few reports described orbital recurrence that occurred between 10 and 40\u2009years after primary diagnosis. Herein we report a very late choroidal melanoma recurrence, 40\u2009years post enucleation, of a 52 year-old female who had undergone left enucleation at the age of 12. She presented to our clinic for consultation in 2017, complaining of difficulty to contain the prosthesis, as well as, presence of small pigmented palpable nodules inferiorly in her anophthalmic socket. The patient was not aware of the medical condition which had lead to the enucleation. We requested her medical reports and detailed history through her family. We realized after reviewing her charts 40\u2009years back, that her enucleation was due to malignant choroidal melanoma (CMM). Full screening was performed. After magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), that showed the presence of nodular masses in the anophthalmic socket, an excisional biopsy was performed. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of CMM (epithelioid and spindle cell type), supporting the hypothesis that residual melanoma cells may remain clinically dormant for long periods, even for decades. A literature review was performed in order to review similar cases and to understand and discuss multiple factors, which may explain this extremely delayed recurrence. To the best of our knowledge, this is the third case to be reported in the literature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721211001266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T01:21:16Z","timestamp":1615512076000},"page":"NP88-NP93","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Very late orbital recurrence of choroidal melanoma four decades post enucleation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3456-5849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Menicacci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Ophthalmology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rana\u2019a T","family":"Al-Jamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Oncology Service, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"De Francesco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Ophthalmology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8595-9787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Barchitta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Ophthalmology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7227-4882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Girolamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Ophthalmology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8459-5379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Di Maggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Ophthalmology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theodora","family":"Hadjistilianou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Ophthalmology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-11206721211001266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0158-0"},{"key":"bibr2-11206721211001266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.01.040"},{"key":"bibr3-11206721211001266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.01.032"},{"key":"bibr4-11206721211001266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2011.10.012"},{"key":"bibr5-11206721211001266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.12.024"},{"key":"bibr6-11206721211001266","unstructured":"Shields JA. 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