{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T18:26:43Z","timestamp":1778956003890,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640217600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study evaluates the epidemiological characteristics, ophthalmological manifestations, and different therapeutic options available for patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) in China, Spain, and Cuba.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A self-designed questionnaire was used to conduct a comparable descriptive cross-sectional study on patients with MS. The survey included patients' demographic data, ocular manifestations related to MS, and treatment methodology followed in the three countries. The online survey was designed using the Wenjuanxing survey platform, and a survey link was circulated through WhatsApp, WeChat, and emails. Quantitative data were expressed as mean and standard deviation, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used for non-parametric variables. Qualitative data were expressed as numerical and percentage. The chi-square test (\u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) was used to compare the group's response categories. The statistical difference was considered significant when\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The female-to-male ratio in all the three countries was 2-3:1, and relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) was the most frequent in all three countries. Vision loss was slow and progressive in half of the patients from the three countries, with no significant differences (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.524). A higher percentage of steroid treatment was observed in Chinese patients in comparison with the patients from other two countries (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), and a similar trend was seen in the use of traditional medicines. Almost one-third of patients who did not receive any treatment recovered spontaneously in all the three countries (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.097).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MS occurs more frequently in the relapsing-remitting clinical form and there is a clear female predominance. The first ocular crisis or clinical debut of MS is characterized by slow and progressive visual impairment, increasing and adding to other ocular manifestations during its evolutionary course. Spontaneous recovery of vision after an attack of optic neuritis in the course of MS is possible.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721211069457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T06:47:56Z","timestamp":1640242076000},"page":"2975-2981","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Ocular manifestations of multiple sclerosis in patients from three countries: A Web-based survey"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1206-1623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Run-Ze","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi, The People of Republic of China"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital, Havana, Cuba"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guo-Xun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Yan\u2019an University, Shaanxi, The People of Republic of China"},{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Neurology Service, Vithas Nisa Hospital, Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen-Ting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBIS (University of Seville, HUVR, Government of Andalusia, CSIC), Spain; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of Seville, 41009, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen-Jin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital,Fourth Military Medicine University, Shaanxi, The People of Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi, The People of Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria C\u00e1ceres","family":"Toledo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital, Havana, Cuba"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"IR.","family":"Olivera Leal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital, Havana, Cuba"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zurina Lestayo","family":"O\u2019Farrill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology, Havana, Cuba"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Izquierdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Neurology Service, Vithas Nisa Hospital, Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Global regional and national burden of multiple sclerosis 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016. 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