{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T22:59:21Z","timestamp":1793314761799,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]],"date-time":"2023-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687392000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe the prevalence of refractive error (RE) and its association with other environmental and health factors among population aged \u226550 years who lived in Gilan, Iran in 2014.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this population-based cross-sectional study, 3281 individuals aged \u226550 years living in Gilan for at least 6 months were enrolled. The prevalence of different types of REs including myopia (spherical equivalent (SE)\u2264-0.50D), high myopia (SE\u2009\u2264\u2009-6.00D), hyperopia (SE\u2265\u2009+\u20090.50D), high hyperopia (SE\u2265\u2009+\u20093.00D), astigmatism (cylinder\u2009&lt;\u2009-0.50D) and high astigmatism (cylinder\u2009&lt;\u2009-2.25D) were determined. Anisometropia was defined as the SE difference of \u22651.00D between the two eyes. Associated factors including age, body mass index (BMI) and education were also studied.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>2587 eligible individuals (58% female subjects) with the mean age of 62.6\u2009\u00b1\u20098.8 years participated (87.6% response rate). The prevalence of myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism was 19.2%, 48.6% and 57.4%, respectively. 3.6% high hyperopia, 0.5% high myopia and 4.5% high astigmatism were identified. The positive simultaneous effects3 of older age (Odds Ratio (OR)\u2009=\u20093.14), nuclear (OR\u2009=\u20091.71) and posterior subcapsular (OR\u2009=\u20091.61) cataracts as well as the negative effects of higher levels of education (OR\u2009=\u20090.28) were obtained on myopia. Higher BMI was found as a risk factor for hyperopia (OR\u2009=\u20091.67), while older patients were less likely to be hyperopic (OR\u2009=\u20090.31).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher incidence of myopia and astigmatism was found in patients aged over 70 years. It was also found that patients at older ages who suffered with cataracts were at a higher risk of myopia, while elderly people with greater BMI were at a higher risk of hyperopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721231184544","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,24]],"date-time":"2023-06-24T07:16:57Z","timestamp":1687591017000},"page":"449-460","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Prevalence of refractive errors in population aged 50 years and over: The Gilan eye study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Hassan","family":"Behboudi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhale","family":"Rajavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Centre, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Negah Aref Ophthalmic Research Centre, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2627-7222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamideh","family":"Sabbaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Centre, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marzieh","family":"Katibeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Centre for Global Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahareh","family":"Kheiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmic Research Centre, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Yaseri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siamak","family":"Moradian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmic Research Centre, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yousef","family":"Alizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8139-2661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamid","family":"Ahmadieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmic Research Centre, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mojgan","family":"Pakbin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noor Ophthalmology Research Centre, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Translational Ophthalmology Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aria","family":"Bouyeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Research Centre, Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Moradi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-11206721231184544","unstructured":"The World Health Organization (WHO). 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