{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:55:49Z","timestamp":1791932149039,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,3]],"date-time":"2023-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON) is a severe visual loss condition in thyroid eye disease (TED). This study aimed to identify factors affecting moderate-to-severe TED or DON in Thai populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We retrospectively reviewed the records of 230 TED patients at Rajavithi Hospital between January 1, 2017, and October 31, 2022.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mild, moderate-to-severe TED, and DON were found in 60.43%, 22.61%, and 16.96% of participants, respectively. Female predominance was noted in all groups. The proportion of older age, hyperthyroidism, current smokers, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) participants were significantly higher in the DON group. Multivariable logistic-regression analysis revealed that hyperthyroidism and current smoking significantly increased the risk of developing moderate-to-severe TED (OR\u2009=\u20093.001,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.010, and OR\u2009=\u20094.153,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.015, respectively). Exophthalmos was the strongest predictor (OR\u2009=\u20096.834,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Regarding DON risk factors, older age (\u226555 years) had OR\u2009=\u20093.206 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003), hyperthyroidism had OR\u2009=\u20093.228 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.005), and being a current smoker had OR\u2009=\u20093.781 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.011). T2DM posed the greatest risk of DON development (OR\u2009=\u20094.111,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hyperthyroidism and current smoking are significant risk factors for moderate-to-severe TED and DON. TED patients with diabetes mellitus or older age should be closely monitored and informed about their risk of developing DON.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721231199868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T01:57:59Z","timestamp":1693792679000},"page":"834-842","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Predictive factors of development of dysthyroid optic neuropathy among individuals with thyroid-eye disease"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7153-0813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parinee","family":"Kemchoknatee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Rajavithi Hospital, Rangsit University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicha","family":"Thongsawangchai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Rajavithi Hospital, Rangsit University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6284-9590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thansit","family":"Srisombut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Rajavithi Hospital, Rangsit University, Bangkok, Thailand"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Rajavithi Hospital, Rangsit University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duanghathai","family":"Tangon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Rajavithi Hospital, Rangsit University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somporn","family":"Chantra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Rajavithi Hospital, Rangsit University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)72787-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.615993"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-21-0479"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2006.110932"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01361-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2010.24.5.267"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1990.00390170124027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_104_20"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-4294"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01676830.2019.1600150"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199801083380201"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.959276"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2017.0430"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-018-0915-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2014.5103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","first-page":"823","article-title":"High serum cholesterol: a novel risk factor for thyroid associated ophthalmopathy?","volume":"58","author":"Ye XZ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ye XZ, Huang SS, Liu J, et al. 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