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The risks from long-term exposure to space radiation remains ill-defined. We review the current literature on the possible and known risks of radiation on the eye (including radiation retinopathy) after long duration spaceflight.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A PubMed and Google Scholar search of the English language ophthalmic literature was performed from inception to July 11, 2022. The following search terms were utilized independently or in conjunction to build this manuscript: \u201cRadiation Retinopathy\u201d, \u201cSpaceflight\u201d, \u201cSpace Radiation\u201d, \u201cSpaceflight Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome\u201d, \u201cMicrogravity\u201d, \u201cHypercapnia\u201d, \u201cRadiation Shield\u201d, \u201cCataract\u201d, and \u201cSANS\u201d. A concise and selective approach of references was conducted in including relevant original studies and reviews.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 65 papers were reviewed and 47 papers were included in our review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We discuss the potential and developing countermeasures to mitigate these radiation risks in preparation for future space exploration. Given the complex nature of space radiation, no single approach will fully reduce the risks of developing radiation maculopathy in long-duration spaceflight. Understanding and appropriately overcoming the risks of space radiation is key to becoming a multi-planetary species.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721231221584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]],"date-time":"2023-12-27T18:34:15Z","timestamp":1703702055000},"page":"1337-1345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Radiation-induced ophthalmic risks of long duration spaceflight: Current investigations and interventions"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8999-0212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ethan","family":"Waisberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"},{"name":"University College Dublin School of Medicine, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Michigan Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phani","family":"Paladugu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham and Women's Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharif Amit","family":"Kamran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasif","family":"Zaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Tavakkoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew G.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"},{"name":"University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Texas A&amp;M College of Medicine, Bryant, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.733337"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"SANS Risk Approach Plan. 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