{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:29:57Z","timestamp":1790792997507,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To provide a comprehensive synthesis of the available evidence on the effects of smoking on ocular health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science) were searched through December 2024 for systematic reviews and meta-analyses on smoking and ocular disease risk. Meta-analysis quality was assessed using the 16-item\n                      <jats:italic>A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) 2<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixteen studies were included, with 12 qualifying for meta-meta-analysis. Current smokers are 7 to 12 times more likely to develop AMD than non-smokers (Odds Ratio [OR]: 11.93 [95% CI 4.40 to 32.33]; Risk Ratio [RR]: 7.45 [95% CI 4.09 to 13.57]). Past smokers have a seven-fold increased risk (OR: 7.09 [95% CI 4.79 to10.51]). For POAG, current smokers have three times the risk (OR: 3.07 [95% CI 2.07 to 4.54]), and past smokers have three times the risk (OR: 2.64 [95% CI 2.33 to 3.00]). Current smokers are four times more likely to develop cataracts (OR: 4.15 [95% CI 3.35 to 5.15]), while \u201cever\u201d smokers face a six-fold risk (OR: 5.96 [95% CI 3.21 to 11.04]).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Smoking is a modifiable risk factor for numerous ocular diseases. Public health efforts and clinical guidelines should emphasize smoking cessation to reduce smoking-related ocular disease incidence and promote ocular health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721251334705","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T16:01:43Z","timestamp":1744819303000},"page":"1506-1518","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Impact of smoking on ocular health: A systematic review and meta-meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9200-4122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Randy","family":"Asiamah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Optometry, School of Optometry and Vision Science, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana"},{"name":"Biomedical and Clinical Research Centre, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enyonam","family":"Ampo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel Ekow","family":"Ampiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark Ofori","family":"Nketia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Graduate Studies and Research, Ghana Communication Technology University, Accra, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2568-8246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Kyei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical and Clinical Research Centre, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmic Science, School of Optometry and Vision Science, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2008.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31826c5df2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","unstructured":"WHO report global tobacco epidemic 2017: Monitoring tobacco use prevention policies. 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