{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T21:24:55Z","timestamp":1783545895497,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745798400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ChatGPT-4, a natural language processing-based AI model, is increasingly being applied in healthcare, facilitating education, research, and clinical decision-making support. This study explores ChatGPT-4's capability to deliver accurate and detailed information on corneal ulcers, assessing its application in medical education and clinical decision-making.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study engaged ChatGPT-4 with 12 structured questions across different categories related to corneal ulcers. For each inquiry, five unique ChatGPT-4 sessions were initiated, ensuring that the output was not affected by previous queries. A panel of five ophthalmology experts including optometry teaching and research staff assessed the responses using a Likert scale (1\u20135) (1: very poor; 2: poor; 3: acceptable; 4: good; 5: very good) for quality and accuracy. Median scores were calculated, and inter-rater reliability was assessed to gauge consistency among evaluators.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The evaluation of ChatGPT-4's responses to corneal ulcer-related questions revealed varied performance across categories. Median scores were consistently high (4.0) for risk factors, etiology, symptoms, treatment, complications, and prognosis, with narrow IQRs (3.0\u20134.0), reflecting strong agreement. However, classification and investigations scored slightly lower (median 3.0). Signs of corneal ulcers had a median of 2.0, showing significant variability. Of 300 responses, 45% were rated \u2018good,\u2019 41.7% \u2018acceptable,\u2019 10% \u2018poor,\u2019 and only 3.3% \u2018very good,\u2019 highlighting areas for improvement. Notably, Evaluator 2 gave 35 \u2018good\u2019 ratings, while Evaluators 1 and 3 assigned 10 \u2018poor\u2019 ratings each. Inter-evaluator variability, along with gaps in diagnostic precision, underscores the need for refining AI responses. Continuous feedback and targeted adjustments could boost ChatGPT-4's utility in delivering high-quality ophthalmic education.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ChatGPT-4 shows promising utility in providing educational content on corneal ulcers. Despite the variance in evaluator ratings, the numerical analysis suggests that with further refinement, ChatGPT-4 could be a valuable tool in ophthalmological education and clinical support.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721251337290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T21:15:51Z","timestamp":1745874951000},"page":"1531-1541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Evaluating the novel role of ChatGPT-4 in addressing corneal ulcer queries: An AI-powered insight"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0848-5172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bharat","family":"Gurnani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cataract, Cornea, External Diseases, Trauma, Ocular Surface, Refractive Surgery and Contact Lens Services, Gomabai Netralaya and Research Centre, Neemuch, Madhya Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0951-7415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirandeep","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cataract, Pediatric Ophthalmology, Strabismus and Neuro-Ophthalmology Services, Gomabai Netralaya and Research Centre, Neemuch, Madhya Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prasanth","family":"Gireesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IOL and Cataract Services, Leela Eye Clinic, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Logesh","family":"Balakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Apollo Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chitaranjan","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vitreo-Retina Services, Trilochan Netralaya, Sambalpur, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415-023-5845-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"39","article-title":"Managing corneal disease: focus on suppurative keratitis","volume":"22","author":"Upadhyay MP","year":"2009","unstructured":"Upadhyay MP, Srinivasan M, Whitcher JP. Managing corneal disease: focus on suppurative keratitis. Community Eye Health 2009 Dec; 22: 39\u201341. PMID: 20212926; PMCID: PMC2823108.","journal-title":"Community Eye Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","article-title":"Eyes on AI: chatGPT's transformative potential impact on ophthalmology","volume":"15","author":"Dossantos J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dossantos J, An J, Javan R. Eyes on AI: chatGPT's transformative potential impact on ophthalmology. Cureus 2023 Jun 21; 15: e40765. PMID: 37485160; PMCID: PMC10362525.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in ophthalmology: a comparative analysis of GPT-3.5, GPT-4, and human expertise in answering StatPearls questions","volume":"15","author":"Moshirfar M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moshirfar M, Altaf AW, Stoakes IM, et al. Artificial intelligence in ophthalmology: a comparative analysis of GPT-3.5, GPT-4, and human expertise in answering StatPearls questions. Cureus 2023 Jun 22; 15: e40822. PMID: 37485215; PMCID: PMC10362981.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2023.1237704"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","article-title":"Artificial intelligence revolutionizing the field of medical education","volume":"15","author":"Narayanan S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Narayanan S, Ramakrishnan R, Durairaj E, et al. Artificial intelligence revolutionizing the field of medical education. Cureus 2023 Nov 28; 15: e49604. PMID: 38161821; PMCID: PMC10755136.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13207"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","article-title":"Performance of ChatGPT in Diagnosis of Corneal Eye Diseases","author":"Delsoz M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Delsoz M, Madadi Y, Munir WM, et al. Performance of ChatGPT in Diagnosis of Corneal Eye Diseases. medRxiv [Preprint] 2023 Aug 28:2023.08.25.23294635. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2023.08.25.23294635. Update in: Cornea. 2024 May 1;43(5):664-670. doi: 10.1097\/ICO.0000000000003492. PMID: 37720035; PMCID: PMC10500623.","journal-title":"medRxiv [Preprint]"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/47274"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2023.101095"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/57896"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/47479"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-023-06078-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","article-title":"Guidelines and standard frameworks for artificial intelligence in medicine: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Shiferaw KB","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shiferaw KB, Roloff M, Balaur I, et al. Guidelines and standard frameworks for artificial intelligence in medicine: a systematic review. JAMIA Open 2025 Jan 3; 8: ooae155. 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