{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T09:08:57Z","timestamp":1784020137394,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750032000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the accuracy and clinical education value of responses from AI models (GPT-3.5, GPT-4o, Gemini, Gemini Advanced) compared to expert ophthalmologists\u2019 answers to common patient questions about blepharitis, and evaluate their potential for patient education and clinical use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirteen frequently asked questions about blepharitis were selected. Responses were generated by AI models and compared to expert answers. A panel of ophthalmologists rated each response for correctness and clinical education value using a 7-point Likert scale. The Friedman test with post hoc comparisons was used to identify performance differences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Expert responses had the highest correctness (6.3) and clinical education value (6.4) scores, especially in complex, context-driven questions. Significant differences were found between expert and AI responses (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Among AI models, GPT-3.5 performed best in simple definitions (correctness: 6.4) but dropped to 5.5 in nuanced cases. GPT-4o followed (5.4), while Gemini and Gemini Advanced scored lower (5.0 and 4.9), especially in diagnostic and treatment contexts.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AI models can support patient education by effectively answering basic factual questions about blepharitis. However, their limitations in complex clinical scenarios highlight the continued need for expert input. While promising as educational tools, AI should complement\u2014not replace\u2014clinician guidance in patient care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721251350809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T03:53:58Z","timestamp":1750046038000},"page":"1958-1966","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Artificial intelligence versus ophthalmology experts: Comparative analysis of responses to blepharitis patient queries"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1232-6257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Bahir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tzafon Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audrey","family":"Rostov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bellevue Precision Vision, Bellevue, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2285-2576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yumna","family":"Busool Abu Eta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tzafon Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5642-6508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shirin","family":"Hamed Azzam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tzafon Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7984-0958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Lockington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tennent Institute of Ophthalmology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua C","family":"Teichman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artemis","family":"Matsou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Corneoplastic Unit, Queen Victoria Hospital, East Grinstead, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara C","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9171-7996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elad","family":"Shvartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tzafon Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4661-0993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Mimouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rambam Health Care Campus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70620-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13030710"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTO.S84795"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672119854985"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","article-title":"Oral antibiotics for chronic blepharitis","volume":"6","author":"Onghanseng N","unstructured":"Onghanseng N, Ng SM, Halim MS, et al. 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