{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T20:19:25Z","timestamp":1777580365793,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2023-00301976"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00301976"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To explore the association between cumulative exposure to outdoor artificial light at night (O-ALAN) during pregnancy and risk of childhood strabismus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this nationwide population-based case-control study, an entire-South-Korean-population mother-child-pair cohort representing births for the years 2008 to 2011 and residing in urban areas was identified based on the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) database. Average levels of O-ALAN at the residential addresses of mothers during pregnancy were estimated using time-varying satellite data, providing a composite view of persistent nighttime illumination at approximately a \u223c1\u2005km\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      scale. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between O-ALAN and strabismus risk were calculated using maximum likelihood estimation, adjusting for socio-demographic and area-based risk factors (e.g., nighttime traffic noise, particulate matter \u226410\u2005\u03bcm).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study included 755,796 mother-child pairs (mean [SD] maternal age, 32.4 [3.9] years; 51.9% boys). An interquartile range (IQR) increase in O-ALAN (21.7\u2005nW\/cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/sr) was associated with an OR of 1.159 (95% CI: 1.145, 1.172) for childhood strabismus. The exposure-response curve showed a non-linear pattern, with stronger associations at higher exposure levels (approximately 40\u2005nW\/cm2\/sr). Sub-analysis revealed a significant association for exotropia (OR: 1.179 [95% CI: 1.158, 1.200]), but not for esotropia (OR: 1.011 [95% CI: 0.977, 1.045]) or vertical strabismus (OR: 1.107 [95% CI: 0.982, 1.250]).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher levels of residential O-ALAN during pregnancy were associated with increased risk of childhood strabismus in this cohort. Further research with more detailed information on exposure and potential mediators is warranted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721251389516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T02:42:15Z","timestamp":1761273735000},"page":"553-560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Light pollution exposure during pregnancy and risk of childhood strabismus"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3791-0089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young In","family":"Shin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gachon University Gil Medical Center"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea"},{"name":"Seoul National University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6440-6718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hajoung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul National University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seong Pyo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul National University College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soon-Beom","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul National University"},{"name":"Seoul National University"},{"name":"Seoul National University Medical Research Center"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4211-7971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahnul","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jeju National University School of Medicine"},{"name":"Jeju National University Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4742-4903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae Ho","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul National University"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyung-Jin","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul National University College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Su Hwan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gyeongsang National University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6037-8449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young Kook","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul National University"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea"},{"name":"Ranelagh Center for Biosocial Informatics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1600377"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","article-title":"Association between exposure to outdoor artificial light at night and sleep disorders among children in China","volume":"5","author":"Wang LB","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang LB, Gong YC, Fang QL, et al. 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