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The histatin-1, \u22123, and \u22125 levels were measured using the ELISA method.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Histatin-3 significantly increased in stage 1 (control, 274.05\u2009\u00b1\u200915.72\u2005ng\/mg total protein, vs. patients, 528.17\u2009\u00b1\u200947.45\u2005ng\/mg total protein, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and stage 2 (374.33\u2009\u00b1\u200915.05\u2005ng\/mg total protein, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), but no changes for histatin-1 and \u22125 levels were observed. Histopathological analysis showed that corneal epithelial cell thickness increased in keratoconus, and this increase augmented proportionally with the stages. The histopathological scores were significantly elevated in stages 2 and 3. Interestingly, positive correlations were observed between histatin-1 and histatin-3 levels in all stages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These preliminary data suggest that histatin-3 may be involved in the early stages of keratoconus. These findings are preliminary and should be confirmed in larger, prospective cohorts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721251406428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T16:45:53Z","timestamp":1765557953000},"page":"631-641","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Investigation of histatin-1, histatin-3, and histatin-5 peptide levels in corneal epithelial cells obtained from patients with keratoconus"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3240-1549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cahit","family":"Demirkiran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gaziantep University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9994-8541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah Tuncay","family":"Demiry\u00fcrek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gaziantep University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alper","family":"Mete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gaziantep University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmet","family":"Saracaloglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gaziantep University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5169-5354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa","family":"\u015eahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gaziantep University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4762-4745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u015eeniz","family":"Demiry\u00fcrek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gaziantep University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-024-00565-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.2.30"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-018-0144-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.06.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31821ffbd4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20090610-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1468258"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000001056"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0828"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.107897"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14072459"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.5.41"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2025.2570815"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.835843"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2011.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3260039"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2016.04.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46623-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002215540405200307"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2006.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","first-page":"98","article-title":"Detection of histatin 5 in normal human schirmer strip samples by mass spectroscopy","volume":"43","author":"Steele PS","year":"2002","unstructured":"Steele PS, Jumblatt MM, Smith NB, et al. 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