{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T02:50:43Z","timestamp":1781923843455,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770336000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patient information can influence decision-making and engagement with healthcare. This study compares the quality of cataract surgery patient information leaflets (PILs) generated by ChatGPT (an AI model) and two reputable hospitals, assessing AI's potential in producing high-quality patient information.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Subjects\/Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>15 ophthalmologists and 32 patients evaluated three anonymised cataract PILs: one generated by ChatGPT, one from Mount Sinai Hospital (USA) and Manchester Royal Eye Hospital (UK). Doctors used the DISCERN tool (16 questions) for quality assessment. Patients used a shortened version (5 questions). Additional preference and readability questions were added, alongside a readability assessment. PIL ratings and differences between doctor and patient scores were compared.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The ChatGPT PIL scored lowest amongst doctors (mean 42.75 (SD 9.06)\/75), followed by Manchester (47.04 (8.56)\/75), with Mount Sinai's PIL highest (54.65 (7.09)\/75) (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =&lt;0.01). Patients similarly rated ChatGPT lowest (mean total score 4.50 (0.21)\/5), with Manchester highest (4.84 (0.06)\/5) (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.04). Despite this, doctors were evenly divided on their preferred PIL, while more patients preferred ChatGPT over Mount Sinai. Mount Sinai's PIL had the highest inter-rater reliability(\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">k<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.38, 95% CI 0.10\u20130.60), and ChatGPT the lowest (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">k<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.13, 95% CI 0.10\u20130.15). ChatGPT had the lowest Flesch Reading Ease score but doctors rated it most readable.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study is the first to assess AI-generated cataract PILs using doctor and patient feedback. While ChatGPT received the lowest ratings, some favoured it, particularly for its clarity and readability. Doctors\u2019 highest-rated PIL was the patients\u2019 least favoured. This study highlights AIs potential in PIL development and the importance of doctor and patient feedback in this process.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721261419675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T17:51:48Z","timestamp":1770400308000},"page":"856-863","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An evaluation of the use of ChatGPT in production of cataract surgery patient information leaflets by doctors and patients"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6498-5687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehran","family":"Hamedani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3147-3452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radhika","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muktar","family":"Bizrah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3471-8913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Phylactou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6446-9639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nizar","family":"Din","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","volume-title":"Assessing the quality of information to support people in making decisions about their health and healthcare","author":"Coulter A","year":"2006","unstructured":"Coulter A, Ellins J, Swain Det al. (eds) Assessing the quality of information to support people in making decisions about their health and healthcare. Oxford, UK: Picker Institute Europe, 2006."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"Eurostat. Individuals using the internet for seeking health-related information: Eurostat; 2020 [updated 23\/10\/202401\/02\/2024]. 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Adv Neural Inf Process Syst 2022; 35: 27730\u201327744.","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","unstructured":"OpenAI. ChatGPT. 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","unstructured":"Paul K. Microsoft to power Bing with AI as race with Google heats up: The Guardian; 2023 [updated 07\/02\/202309\/12\/2024]. Available from: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2023\/feb\/07\/chatgpt-microsoft-search-ai-artificial-intelligence."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","unstructured":"OpenAI. GPT-4 is OpenAI\u2019s most advanced system producing safer and more useful responses: OpenAI; 2024 [Available from: https:\/\/openai.com\/index\/gpt-4\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","volume-title":"Introducing HealthBench","author":"OpenAI","unstructured":"OpenAI. Introducing HealthBench. 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