{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T16:07:48Z","timestamp":1791130068345,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1992,4,1]],"date-time":"1992-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":702086400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Indoleamines are associated with circadian rhythms in pineal gland and retina. Because the ciliary epithelium has an embryonic origin similar to that of pineal gland and retina, and intraocular pressure shows circadian variations, indoleamines were searched for in aqueous humor and ciliary body in humans. In aqueous humor, serotonin, 6-hydroxymelatonin, and melatonin were simultaneously detected and measured using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The concentration was 48.7\u00b110.9 ng\/ml for serotonin, 0.47\u00b10.8 ng\/ml for melatonin, and 13.9\u00b17.7 ng\/ml for 6 hydroxy melatonin. In ciliary bodies from freshly enucleated human eyes, tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan, serotonin, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were detected using high-performance liquid chromatography with simultaneous fluorescence- and electrochemical detection. Finally, the enzymatic activities of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT) and hydroxyindole-O-methyltrans-ferase (HIOMT), enzymes indispensable in the synthesis of melatonin, were measured. The NAT activity was 273\u00b125 pmol\/mg protein\/hour and that of HIOMT, 13520\u00b150 pmol\/mg protein\/hour in ciliary body. Comparison of these activities (NAT versus HIOMT) permits the suggestion that NAT is a limiting enzyme in serotonin metabolism in this tissue. These findings indicate that a circadian rhythm of indoleamines exists in human aqueous humor and that the human ciliary body is the third organ, after the pineal gland and the retina, found to synthesize indoleamines in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/112067219200200203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,16]],"date-time":"2018-04-16T11:07:57Z","timestamp":1523876877000},"page":"67-72","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["The Ciliary Body - The Third Organ Found to Synthesize Indoleamines in Humans"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"X. D.","family":"Martin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Zurich, Zurich - Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. Z.","family":"Malina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Zurich, Zurich - Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. C.","family":"Brennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan - U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ph. H.","family":"Hendrickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Zurich, Zurich - Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. R.","family":"Lichter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan - U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1992,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-112067219200200203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01531a060"},{"key":"bibr2-112067219200200203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(65)90202-X"},{"key":"bibr3-112067219200200203","first-page":"58","volume":"88","author":"K\u00f6llner H.","year":"1921","journal-title":"Arch Augenheilk"},{"key":"bibr4-112067219200200203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000265334"},{"key":"bibr5-112067219200200203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.1985.1.149"},{"key":"bibr6-112067219200200203","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Biomedical Foundations of Ophthalmology.","volume":"1","author":"Ozanics V.","year":"1986"},{"key":"bibr7-112067219200200203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)62918-0"},{"key":"bibr8-112067219200200203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(88)33025-3"},{"key":"bibr9-112067219200200203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(87)42069-7"},{"key":"bibr10-112067219200200203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(87)42070-3"},{"key":"bibr11-112067219200200203","first-page":"47","volume":"141","author":"Richter C.P.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Johns Hopkins Med J"},{"key":"bibr12-112067219200200203","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Serotonin in health and disease, Vol 1, Availability, localization, and disposition.","author":"Essman W.B.","year":"1978"},{"key":"bibr13-112067219200200203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.169.3950.1093"},{"key":"bibr14-112067219200200203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.77.8.4998"},{"key":"bibr15-112067219200200203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.184.4144.1341"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/112067219200200203","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/112067219200200203","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T19:39:13Z","timestamp":1777405153000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/112067219200200203"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1992,4]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/112067219200200203"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/112067219200200203","relation":{},"ISSN":["1120-6721","1724-6016"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1120-6721","type":"print"},{"value":"1724-6016","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1992,4]]}}}