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Totally implantable venous access devices guarantee safe infusion of chemotherapy, blood transfusion, parenteral nutrition, as well as repeated blood samples. Minimizing the need for frequent vascular access, totally implantable venous access devices also improve the patient\u2019s quality of life. Nonetheless, totally implantable venous access devices are not free from complications. Among those, infection is the most relevant, affecting patients\u2019 morbidity and mortality\u2014both in the hospital or outpatient setting\u2014and increasing healthcare costs. Knowledge of pathogenesis and risk factors of totally implantable venous access device\u2013related infections is crucial to prevent this condition by adopting proper insertion bundles and maintenance bundles based on the best available evidence. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment of infection are of paramount importance. As a totally implantable venous access device\u2013related infection occurs, device removal or a conservative approach should be chosen in treating this complication. For both prevention and therapy, antimicrobial lock is a major matter of controversy and a promising field for future clinical studies. This article reviews current evidences in terms of epidemiology, pathogenesis and risk factors, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of totally implantable venous access device\u2013related infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1129729818758999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,7]],"date-time":"2018-03-07T08:23:01Z","timestamp":1520410981000},"page":"230-242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Infection of totally implantable venous access devices: A review of the literature"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Fulvio","family":"Pinelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Cecero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Degl\u2019Innocenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Selmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Giua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Villa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cosimo","family":"Chelazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Romagnoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Pittiruti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. 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