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Vascular access (VA) failure occurs because inflow or outflow stenosis activates Wirchow\u2019s triad inducing thrombosis. Therefore, the diagnosis of the tributary artery and outgoing vein stenosis will be the first topic considered. Post-implantation complications occur from the inability to achieve AVF maturation and dialysis suitability due to inflow\/outflow stenosis. Late stenosis is usually a sequence of early defects repaired to maintain patency. Less frequently, in the mature AVF or graft, complications are acquired \u2018de novo\u2019. They derive either from incorrect management of vascular access (haematoma, pseudoaneurysm, prosthesis infection) or wall pathologies (aneurysm, myxoid valve degeneration, kinking, coiling, abnormal dilation from defects of elastic structures). High-resolution transducers (10\u201320\u2009MHz) allow the characterization of the wall damage, haemodynamic dysfunctions, early and late complications even if phlebography remains the gold standard for the diagnosis for its sensitivity and specificity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/11297298211018062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T08:07:37Z","timestamp":1627373257000},"page":"71-83","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Ultrasound evaluation of access complications: Thrombosis, aneurysms, pseudoaneurysms and infections"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1330-2820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Meola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Sciences-Sant\u2019Anna School of Advanced Studies; Department of Internal Medicine University of Pisa- 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