{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T22:42:33Z","timestamp":1794350553992,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cancer Inform"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Iron is an essential cofactor needed for normal functions of various enzymes and its depletion lead to increase DNA damage, genomic instability, deteriorate innate, adaptive immunity, and promote tumor development. It is also linked to tumorigenesis of breast cancer cells through enhancing mammary tumor growth and metastasis. There is insufficient data describing this association in Saudi Arabia. This study aims to determine the prevalence of iron deficiency and its association with breast cancer among premenopausal and postmenopausal women referred for breast cancer screening center in Al Ahsa, Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Age, hemoglobin level, iron level, history of anemia, or iron deficiency were collected from patients\u2019 medical records. The included participants were grouped based on their age into premenopausal (&lt;50\u2009years) or postmenopausal (\u2a7e50\u2009years). The definition of low Hb implemented (Hb below 12\u2009g\/dL) and low total serum Iron levels (below 8\u2009\u03bcmol\/L). Logistic regression test was used to compute the association between having a positive cancer screening test (radiological or histocytological) and participant\u2019s lab results. The results are presented as odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Thrree hundred fifty-seven women were included, 77% (n\u2009=\u2009274) of them were premenopausal. This group cases had more history of iron deficiency (149 [60%] vs 25 (30%), P\u2009=\u2009.001) compared to those in the postmenopausal group. The risk of having a positive radiological cancer screening test was associated with age (OR\u2009=\u20091.04, 95% CI 1.02-1.06), but negatively was associated with iron level (OR\u2009=\u20090.9, 95% CI 0.86-0.97) among the entire cohort. This study is the first to propose an association between iron deficiency and breast cancer among Saudi young females. This could suggest iron level as a new risk factor that may be used by clinicians to assess breast cancer risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/11769351231172589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,20]],"date-time":"2023-05-20T01:22:42Z","timestamp":1684545762000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Prevalence of Iron Deficiency and its Association With Breast Cancer in Premenopausal Compared to Postmenopausal Women in Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Al Khamees","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory Department, King Fahad Hospital Hoffuf, Hoffuf, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aymen A","family":"Alqurain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulmonem A","family":"Alsaleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Laboratory Science Department, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yousef A","family":"Alhashem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Laboratory Science Department, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nida","family":"AlSaffar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Laboratory Science Department, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noura N","family":"Alibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Laboratory Science Department, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fardus A","family":"Aljunibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Laboratory Science Department, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaheda","family":"Alradwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Laboratory Science Department, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nesreen","family":"Almohammade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foundation Year Department, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6075-3889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bader","family":"AlAlwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Laboratory Science Department, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-11769351231172589","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119647"},{"key":"bibr2-11769351231172589","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-06-508325"},{"key":"bibr3-11769351231172589","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.20249"},{"key":"bibr4-11769351231172589","volume-title":"Haemoglobin Concentrations for the Diagnosis of Anaemia and Assessment of Severity. Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System","author":"Murphy J.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr5-11769351231172589","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13685538.2019.1595571"},{"key":"bibr6-11769351231172589","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-13-307"},{"key":"bibr7-11769351231172589","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2003.12.008"},{"key":"bibr8-11769351231172589","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2018.1460685"},{"key":"bibr9-11769351231172589","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-007-9058-9"},{"key":"bibr10-11769351231172589","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-20-0715"},{"key":"bibr11-11769351231172589","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3495"},{"key":"bibr12-11769351231172589","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.25122"},{"key":"bibr13-11769351231172589","first-page":"2437","volume":"18","author":"Bazarbashi S","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"bibr14-11769351231172589","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2021.101578"},{"key":"bibr15-11769351231172589","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr2647"},{"key":"bibr16-11769351231172589","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11864-015-0334-8"},{"key":"bibr17-11769351231172589","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-13-0733"},{"key":"bibr18-11769351231172589","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa070608"},{"key":"bibr19-11769351231172589","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0256-4947.81540"},{"key":"bibr20-11769351231172589","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmau.2014.11.003"},{"key":"bibr21-11769351231172589","unstructured":"Ampath: Ampath Desk Reference: Guide to Laboratory Tests\n                      . May 21, 2021 (ed): Centurion, South Africa; 2016. https:\/\/www.ampath.co.za\/pdfs\/Desk-Reference-web.pdf."},{"key":"bibr22-11769351231172589","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61235-5"},{"key":"bibr23-11769351231172589","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6642568"},{"key":"bibr24-11769351231172589","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(08)70200-6"},{"key":"bibr25-11769351231172589","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.00655"},{"key":"bibr26-11769351231172589","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.11223"},{"key":"bibr27-11769351231172589","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13061400"},{"key":"bibr28-11769351231172589","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.11567"}],"container-title":["Cancer Informatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/11769351231172589","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/11769351231172589","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/11769351231172589","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T15:20:36Z","timestamp":1777389636000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/11769351231172589"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"references-count":28,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/11769351231172589"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/11769351231172589","relation":{},"ISSN":["1176-9351","1176-9351"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1176-9351","type":"print"},{"value":"1176-9351","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"article-number":"11769351231172589"}}