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Artificial intelligence (AI) has profoundly impacted oncology research in recent decades, resulting in innovative diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. This review synthesizes the critical applications of AI in oncology, focusing on 4 key areas: medical imaging, digital pathology, robotic surgery, and drug discovery. We highlight the role of AI in cancer diagnosis and treatment by reviewing key studies and machine learning methods, and we address the field\u2019s current technical and ethical challenges. AI models have significantly enhanced the accuracy of medical imaging by efficiently detecting lesions and disease sites, leading to earlier and more precise diagnoses. In digital pathology, AI tools aid in risk prediction and facilitate the examination of extensive tissue sample sets for patterns and markers, simplifying the pathologists\u2019 tasks. AI-powered robotic surgery provides different levels of automation, leading to precise and minimally invasive procedures that not only improve surgical outcomes but also lower readmission rates, hospital stays, and infection risks. Moreover, AI expedites the process of discovering cancer therapies by identifying potential lead compounds, predicting drug reactions, and repurposing current medications. In the past decade, several AI-developed drugs have successfully entered clinical trials. These significant advancements underscore the expanding role of AI in shaping the future of cancer diagnosis and treatment. 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