{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T12:28:35Z","timestamp":1777465715782,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biomark\ufffdInsights"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in hospital intensive care units (ICU). Rapid identification of P. aeruginosa-derived markers in easily accessible patients\u2019 samples can enable an early detection of P. aeruginosa VAP (VAP-PA), thereby stewarding antibiotic use and improving clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Metabolites were analysed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in prospectively collected urine samples from mechanically ventilated patients admitted to the Antwerp University Hospital ICU. Patients were followed from the start of mechanical ventilation (n\u2009=\u2009100 patients) till the time of clinical diagnosis of VAP (n\u2009=\u200913). Patients (n\u2009=\u20098) in whom diagnosis of VAP was further confirmed by culturing respiratory samples and urine samples were studied for semi-quantitative metabolomics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We first show that multivariate analyses highly discriminated VAP-PA from VAP\u2013non-PA as well as from the pre-infection groups ( R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.97 and .98, respectively). A further univariate analysis identified 58 metabolites that were significantly elevated or uniquely present in VAP-PA compared to the VAP\u2013non-PA and pre-infection groups ( P\u2009&lt;\u2009.05). These comprised both a known metabolite of histidine as well as a novel nicotine metabolite. Most interestingly, we identified 3 metabolites that were not only highly upregulated for, but were also highly specific to, VAP-PA, as these metabolites were completely absent in all pre-infection timepoints and in VAP\u2013non-PA group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Considerable differences exist between urine metabolites in VAP-PA compared to VAP due to other bacterial aetiologies as well to non-VAP (pre-infection) timepoints. The unique urinary metabolic biomarkers we describe here, if further validated, could serve as highly specific diagnostic biomarkers of VAP-PA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/11772719221099131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]],"date-time":"2022-05-18T18:30:30Z","timestamp":1652898630000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Identification of Potential Urinary Metabolite Biomarkers of\n                    <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/i>\n                    Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3029-4850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bart\u2019s","family":"Jongers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Pathology Group, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"An","family":"Hotterbeekx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Pathology Group, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenny","family":"Bielen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Pathology Group, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wilrijk, Belgium"},{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Microbiology \u2013 Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Vervliet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Boddaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Pathology Group, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Lammens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Microbiology \u2013 Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Fransen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"StatUa Center for Statistics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geert","family":"Baggerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEPROMA \u2013 Centre for proteomics and mass spectrometry, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Covaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Herman","family":"Goossens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Microbiology \u2013 Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Surbhi","family":"Malhotra-Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Microbiology \u2013 Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philippe G","family":"Jorens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, LEMP, Edegem, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"Kumar-Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Pathology Group, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wilrijk, Belgium"},{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Microbiology \u2013 Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-11772719221099131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00326-4"},{"key":"bibr2-11772719221099131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-016-2703-z"},{"key":"bibr3-11772719221099131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000089928.84326.D2"},{"key":"bibr4-11772719221099131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.109.4.1019"},{"key":"bibr5-11772719221099131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200405-644ST"},{"key":"bibr6-11772719221099131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389"},{"key":"bibr7-11772719221099131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36507"},{"key":"bibr8-11772719221099131","first-page":"7","volume":"9","author":"Ram\u00edrez-Estrada S","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Drug 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