{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T12:30:56Z","timestamp":1777465856889,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748649600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748649600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016280","name":"Panjab University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D-DRES\/22\/1898-1917"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D-DRES\/22\/1898-1917"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016280","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biomark\ufffdInsights"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Bacterial infections are often an overlooked factor in female infertility.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      has been identified as the predominant vaginal pathogen in infertile women, with a prevalence of 57.33%. Previous studies showed that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      induces infertility in mice by sperm impairment, suggesting its asymptomatic vaginal colonization creates a hostile environment for sperm. While sperm immobilization factor (SIF) from culture supernatant has been identified, its production within host\u2019s environment remained unexplored.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To unveil\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      -derived signature protein(s) in vaginal lavage fluid (VLf).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mass spectrometry combined with experimental studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      VLf was obtained from female mice administered either with sperm immobilizing\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (test group) or PBS alone (control group) and analyzed using nano-LC-MS\/MS, gel filtration chromatography, SDS-PAGE, functional assays, and in silico studies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Nano-LC-MS\/MS yielded 5 distinct bacterial proteins in test group and no bacterial protein in control. Elution profile of test VLf revealed a single peak and indicated 1 protein band (~36\u2009kDa) using SDS-PAGE that aligned with GMP reductase. VLf-protein showed impairment of sperm motility and viability in concentration-dependent manner and disrupted sperm morphology. Binding studies using FITC-labeled VLf-protein depicted presence of green fluorescence over entire surface of mouse spermatozoa. These results were akin to SIF, already isolated and characterized in our laboratory, from culture supernatant of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , causing sperm impairment and hence, designated as vaginal lavage fluid-derived sperm immobilization factor (VLf-SIF). Through in silico analysis, superimposition of VLf-SIF and SIF, already known to show sequence homology to cysteine-tRNA ligase, revealed close structural alignment. Molecular docking analysis depicted energetically favorable binding between VLf-SIF and spermatozoa surface protein (Heat shock-related 70\u2009kDa protein 2).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study provides novel evidence of sperm-impairing\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      signature proteins as key mediators of bacterial-induced infertility, paving way for diagnostic, and therapeutic advancements.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/11772719251340518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T04:18:51Z","timestamp":1748665131000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>\n                    -derived Signature Protein(s) in Murine Vaginal Lavage Fluid: Investigating the Underlying factors of Infertility as a Consequence of Sperm Impairing Bacterium"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Ishwerpreet Kaur","family":"Jawanda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomson","family":"Soni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seema","family":"Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vijay","family":"Prabha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-017-0220-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13390"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"404","article-title":"Assessing the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis among infertile women of Qom city","volume":"6","author":"Ghiasi M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ghiasi M, Fazaeli H, Kalhor N, Sheykh-Hasan M, Tabatabaei-Qomi R. 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