{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:54:24Z","timestamp":1790258064030,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Bioinform Biol Insights"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Owing to the recent emergence of COVID-19, there is a lack of published research and clinical recommendations for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) risk factors in patients who contracted or received treatment for the virus. This research aims to identify potential molecular targets to inform therapeutic strategies for this patient population. RNA sequence data for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and PTSD (from the National Center for Biotechnology Information [NCBI]) were processed using the GREIN database. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, pathway enrichment analyses, miRNA interactions, gene regulatory network (GRN) studies, and identification of linked drugs, chemicals, and diseases were conducted using STRING, DAVID, Enrichr, Metascape, ShinyGO, and NetworkAnalyst v3.0. Our analysis identified 15 potentially unique hub proteins within significantly enriched pathways, including PSMB9, MX1, HLA-DOB, HLA-DRA, IFIT3, OASL, RSAD2, and so on, filtered from a pool of 201 common differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Gene ontology (GO) terms and metabolic pathway analyses revealed the significance of the extracellular region, extracellular space, extracellular exosome, adaptive immune system, and interleukin (IL)-18 signaling pathways. In addition, we discovered several miRNAs (hsa-mir-124-3p, hsa-mir-146a-5p, hsa-mir-148b-3p, and hsa-mir-21-3p), transcription factors (TF) (WRNIP1, FOXC1, GATA2, CREB1, and RELA), a potentially repurposable drug carfilzomib and chemicals (tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, estradiol, arsenic trioxide, and valproic acid) that could regulate the expression levels of hub proteins at both the transcription and posttranscription stages. Our investigations have identified several potential therapeutic targets that elucidate the probability that victims of COVID-19 experience PTSD. However, they require further exploration through clinical and pharmacological studies to explain their efficacy in preventing PTSD in COVID-19 patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/11779322241274958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T21:57:18Z","timestamp":1726264638000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Adopting Integrated Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Approaches to Pinpoint the COVID-19 Patients\u2019 Risk Factors That Uplift the Onset of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Sabbir","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Arju","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Primeasia University, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadia Afrin","family":"Bristy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics and Biomedical Research Network of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Shahjahan","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Habibur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Bioinformatics and Artificial Intelligence Research, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-11779322241274958","first-page":"237","volume-title":"Handbook of Prescriptive Treatments for Adults","volume":"1994","author":"Keane TM"},{"key":"bibr2-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1047840X.2015.992677"},{"key":"bibr3-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.3470"},{"key":"bibr4-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.593"},{"key":"bibr5-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.1.52"},{"key":"bibr6-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012"},{"key":"bibr7-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291701004287"},{"key":"bibr8-11779322241274958","first-page":"21208","volume":"72","author":"Forbes D","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr9-11779322241274958","first-page":"21205","volume":"74","author":"Forbes D","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr10-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820160019002"},{"key":"bibr11-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.10.1675"},{"key":"bibr12-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291710002072"},{"key":"bibr13-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5292.1527"},{"key":"bibr14-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1202044109"},{"key":"bibr15-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.11.1291"},{"key":"bibr16-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00713-0"},{"key":"bibr17-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-00468-6"},{"key":"bibr18-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abq4411"},{"key":"bibr19-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00169-22"},{"key":"bibr20-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720003414"},{"key":"bibr21-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbacli.2016.09.002"},{"key":"bibr22-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01036-x"},{"key":"bibr23-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231924"},{"key":"bibr24-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2012-202480"},{"key":"bibr25-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.2017"},{"key":"bibr26-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-01151-3"},{"key":"bibr27-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2021.100366"},{"key":"bibr28-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.112053"},{"key":"bibr29-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1193"},{"key":"bibr30-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43935-8"},{"key":"bibr31-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2021.104859"},{"key":"bibr32-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia A, Xu L, Wang Y. Venn diagrams in bioinformatics. Brief Bioinform. 2021;22:bbab108. https:\/\/bioinfogp.cnb.csic.es\/tools\/venny\/.","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbab108"},{"key":"bibr33-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac802514y"},{"key":"bibr34-11779322241274958","volume":"17","author":"Ahmed FF","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"bibr35-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkg034"},{"key":"bibr36-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1239303"},{"key":"bibr37-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2020.615308"},{"key":"bibr38-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2010-11-2-r14"},{"key":"bibr39-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-016-1285-1"},{"key":"bibr40-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm415"},{"key":"bibr41-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-14-S18-S1"},{"key":"bibr42-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2015.052"},{"key":"bibr43-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz931"},{"key":"bibr44-11779322241274958","volume":"32","author":"Consortium GO.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"bibr45-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanehisa M, Goto S. Novartis Foundation Symposium. John Wiley; 2002:91.","DOI":"10.1002\/0470857897.ch8"},{"key":"bibr46-11779322241274958","volume":"39","author":"Croft D","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"bibr47-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx1064"},{"key":"bibr48-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2503"},{"key":"bibr49-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-8-61"},{"key":"bibr50-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx1141"},{"key":"bibr51-11779322241274958","volume":"48","author":"Huang H-Y","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"bibr52-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx1081"},{"key":"bibr53-11779322241274958","volume":"48","author":"Fornes O","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"bibr54-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138945009787581104"},{"key":"bibr55-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867326666190808154841"},{"key":"bibr56-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/msb4100129"},{"key":"bibr57-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2006.041376"},{"key":"bibr58-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkr1049"},{"key":"bibr59-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1158"},{"key":"bibr60-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa891"},{"key":"bibr61-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0504-431"},{"key":"bibr62-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1004(200001)15:1<57::AID-HUMU12>3.0.CO;2-G"},{"key":"bibr63-11779322241274958","volume":"48","author":"Pi\u00f1ero J","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"bibr64-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612824666181106095959"},{"key":"bibr65-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.622176"},{"key":"bibr66-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2020.10.001"},{"key":"bibr67-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.07.016"},{"key":"bibr68-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/75556"},{"key":"bibr69-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v12040404"},{"key":"bibr70-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116272"},{"key":"bibr71-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10111459"},{"key":"bibr72-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.09.108"},{"key":"bibr73-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.952987"},{"key":"bibr74-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0539-x"},{"key":"bibr75-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-020-0876-z"},{"key":"bibr76-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2020.106353"},{"key":"bibr77-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42000-021-00300-7"},{"key":"bibr78-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2156-14-39"},{"key":"bibr79-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.05.004"},{"key":"bibr80-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20806"},{"key":"bibr81-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31083\/j.jin2304068"},{"key":"bibr82-11779322241274958","volume":"36","author":"Baranova A","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr83-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-05433-0"},{"key":"bibr84-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20766"},{"key":"bibr85-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28100"},{"key":"bibr86-11779322241274958","volume":"22","author":"Rao S","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brief Bioinform"},{"key":"bibr87-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28264"},{"key":"bibr88-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2020.1799669"},{"key":"bibr89-11779322241274958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1352583"}],"container-title":["Bioinformatics and Biology Insights"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/11779322241274958","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/11779322241274958","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/11779322241274958","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:56:03Z","timestamp":1777380963000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/11779322241274958"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"references-count":89,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/11779322241274958"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/11779322241274958","relation":{},"ISSN":["1177-9322","1177-9322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1177-9322","type":"print"},{"value":"1177-9322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"article-number":"11779322241274958"}}