{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T04:43:47Z","timestamp":1790225027375,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Subst\ufffdAbuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\u201cDoctor shopping\u201d as a means of prescription opioid diversion is examined. The number and percentage of prescriptions and morphine-equivalent milligrams diverted in this manner are estimated by state and molecule for the period 2008-2012.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eleven billion prescriptions with unique patient, doctor, and pharmacy identifiers were used to construct diversion \u201cevents\u201d that involved between 1 and 6 unique doctors and between 1 and 6 unique pharmacies. Diversion thresholds were established based on the probability of each contingency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A geographically widespread decline occurred between 2008 and 2012. The number of prescriptions diverted fell from approximately 4.30 million (1.75% of all prescriptions) in 2008 to approximately 3.37 million (1.27% of all prescriptions) in 2012, and the number of morphine-equivalent milligrams fell from approximately 6.55 metric tons (2.95% of total metric tons) in 2008 to approximately 4.87 metric tons (2.19% of total metric tons) in 2012.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diversion control efforts have likely been effective. But given increases in opioid-related deaths, opioid-related drug treatment admissions, and the more specific resurgence of heroin-related events, it is clear that additional public health measures are required.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1178221817696077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,11]],"date-time":"2017-04-11T07:06:20Z","timestamp":1491894380000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Doctor Shopping Behavior and the Diversion of Prescription Opioids"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ronald","family":"Simeone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Simeone Associates, Inc., Albany NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1178221817696077","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Results from the 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings (Detailed Tables). Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services; 2015. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 13-4795, NSDUH Series H-46."},{"key":"bibr2-1178221817696077","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Behavioral Health Trends in the United States: Results from the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services; 2015. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 15-4927, NSDUH Series H-50."},{"key":"bibr3-1178221817696077","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Drug Abuse Warning Network, 2011: National Estimates of Drug-Related Emergency Department Visits. Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services; 2013. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 13-4760, DAWN Series D-39."},{"key":"bibr4-1178221817696077","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Treatment Episode Data Set\u2014Admissions (TEDS-A)\u2014Concatenated, 1992 to 2012. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research; 2015. ICPSR 25221."},{"key":"bibr5-1178221817696077","volume-title":"National Admissions to Substance Abuse Treatment Services","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr6-1178221817696077","volume-title":"Multiple Cause of Death 1999-2014 on CDC WONDER Online Database","author":"National Center for Health Statistics","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr7-1178221817696077","unstructured":"Executive Office of the President of the United States. Epidemic: Responding to America\u2019s Prescription Drug Abuse Crisis. https:\/\/obamawhitehouse.archives.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/ondcp\/policy-and-research\/rx_abuse_plan.pdf. Published 2011."},{"key":"bibr8-1178221817696077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302843"},{"key":"bibr9-1178221817696077","volume-title":"Paper presented at: Senate Caucus on International Narcotics Control","author":"Volkow ND. America\u2019s addiction to Opioids: heroin and prescription drug abuse"},{"key":"bibr10-1178221817696077","volume-title":"Prescription Drugs: Oxycontin Abuse and Diversion and Efforts to Address the Problem","author":"United States General Accounting Office","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr11-1178221817696077","unstructured":"Ryan H, Girion L, Glover S. OxyContin goes global\u2014\u201cWe\u2019re only just getting started.\u201d Los Angeles Times. December 18, 2016. http:\/\/www.latimes.com\/projects\/la-me-oxycontin-part3\/"},{"key":"bibr12-1178221817696077","volume-title":"Prescription for Peril: How Insurance Finances Theft and Abuse of Addictive Prescription Drugs","author":"Coalition against Insurance Fraud","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr13-1178221817696077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002204261104100207"},{"key":"bibr14-1178221817696077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002204261004000307"},{"key":"bibr15-1178221817696077","first-page":"144","volume":"19","author":"Rigg KK","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drugs (Abingdon Engl)"},{"key":"bibr16-1178221817696077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11596600-000000000-00000"},{"key":"bibr17-1178221817696077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270012436561"},{"key":"bibr18-1178221817696077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1681"},{"key":"bibr19-1178221817696077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-3924(01)00271-8"},{"key":"bibr20-1178221817696077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)31397-2","volume":"207","author":"Beaver WT","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"bibr21-1178221817696077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1998.16.10.3222"},{"key":"bibr22-1178221817696077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19960815)78:4<852::AID-CNCR23>3.0.CO;2-T"},{"key":"bibr23-1178221817696077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(96)03213-7"},{"key":"bibr24-1178221817696077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-3924(99)00051-2"},{"key":"bibr25-1178221817696077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-200207001-00002"},{"key":"bibr26-1178221817696077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1990.85"},{"key":"bibr27-1178221817696077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-3924(01)00294-9"},{"key":"bibr28-1178221817696077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1998.16.10.3216"},{"key":"bibr29-1178221817696077","first-page":"407","volume-title":"Substance Use: Individual Behavior, Social Interactions, Markets, and Politics, Advances in Health Economics and Health Services Research","volume":"16","author":"Caulkins JP.","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr30-1178221817696077","unstructured":"Caulkins JP. The Need for Dynamic Drug Policy. Heinz Research Paper; 2006:23. https:\/\/pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/2b7c\/83e274d94e1f0668797719fc1e55877d1996.pdf"},{"key":"bibr31-1178221817696077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golub A, Brownstein H, Dunlap E. Monitoring Drug Epidemics and the Markets That Sustain Them, Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) and ADAM II Data, 2000-2003 and 2007-2010. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research; 2012. ICPSR33201.v1.","DOI":"10.3886\/ICPSR33201"},{"key":"bibr32-1178221817696077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1528"},{"key":"bibr33-1178221817696077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301410"},{"key":"bibr34-1178221817696077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.301049"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1177\/1178221817724034","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,11]],"date-time":"2018-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1523404800000}}],"container-title":["Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1178221817696077","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1178221817696077","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1178221817696077","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T03:28:54Z","timestamp":1777692534000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1178221817696077"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1178221817696077"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1178221817696077","relation":{},"ISSN":["1178-2218","1178-2218"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1178-2218","type":"print"},{"value":"1178-2218","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]},"article-number":"1178221817696077"}}