{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T23:13:14Z","timestamp":1777936394812,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Subst\ufffdAbuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Formerly incarcerated military veterans\u2014comprising approximately 8% of the prison population\u2014experience significant barriers to reentry including homelessness, mental illness, and mortality. One of the most consequential barriers is relapsing into substance use. Most justice-involved veterans (JIV) possess histories of substance abuse before imprisonment, and this rate continues upon release. Mental illness\u2014depression in particular\u2014is often comorbid with substance abuse. With high rates of depression and substance use in a JIV population, it is important to determine to what extent release from prison contributes to predicting substance use and negative clinical outcomes. This study compares rates of substance use and negative outcomes between two matched samples of JIV and general veterans, both with depression and a substance use disorder. It is hypothesized that JIV will have a higher rate of substance use and that use will be associated with higher negative outcomes in the JIV condition. Rates of use of veterans released from prison and general veterans were collected during six-year follow-up periods. Use was defined as the use of an illicit substance or alcohol, if an alcohol use disorder was present, and determined by urine drug tests or self-report recorded in medical notes. Results indicate that JIV used substances at a higher rate compared to those not recently incarcerated, and that such use is predictive of several other negative outcomes including homelessness, use of inpatient substance treatment, and reincarceration. Structured drug treatment programs and other interventions should cater to veterans recently released from prison to offer help in these areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1178221820947082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]],"date-time":"2020-08-31T08:30:55Z","timestamp":1598862655000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Substance Use Rates of Veterans with Depression Leaving Incarceration: A Matched Sample Comparison with General Veterans"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3171-4861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas R","family":"Spence","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dallas VA Research Corporation, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"April","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dallas VA Research Corporation, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James P","family":"LePage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA North Texas Health Care System, USA"},{"name":"University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1178221820947082","first-page":"16","volume":"9","author":"Nally JM","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Crim Justice Sci"},{"key":"bibr2-1178221820947082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-013-0483-7"},{"key":"bibr3-1178221820947082","volume-title":"Veterans in State and Federal Prisons, 2004","author":"Noonan ME","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr4-1178221820947082","first-page":"348","volume":"40","author":"Wortzel HS","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Acad Psychiatry Law"},{"key":"bibr5-1178221820947082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-015-0708-z"},{"key":"bibr6-1178221820947082","first-page":"97","volume-title":"Preventing AIDS: Community-Science Collaborations","volume":"2004","author":"Zack B"},{"key":"bibr7-1178221820947082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2016.05.002"},{"key":"bibr8-1178221820947082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112357"},{"key":"bibr9-1178221820947082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09687637.2016.1259391"},{"key":"bibr10-1178221820947082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X07309757"},{"key":"bibr11-1178221820947082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1940-0640-7-3"},{"key":"bibr12-1178221820947082","first-page":"1","volume":"5","author":"Brown WB.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Justice Syst J"},{"key":"bibr13-1178221820947082","first-page":"263","volume":"41","author":"Sreenivasan S","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Acad Psychiatry Law"},{"key":"bibr14-1178221820947082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.3.564"},{"key":"bibr15-1178221820947082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20250"},{"key":"bibr16-1178221820947082","author":"Council of State Governments","year":"2002","journal-title":"Criminal Justice\/Mental Health Consensus Project"},{"key":"bibr17-1178221820947082","volume-title":"Addressing co-occurring mental health and substance abuse disorders in the Criminal Justice System: Guiding principles and District of Columbia practices","author":"Zweig J"},{"key":"bibr18-1178221820947082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2018.08.005"},{"key":"bibr19-1178221820947082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21507740.2012.663058"},{"key":"bibr20-1178221820947082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13788"},{"key":"bibr21-1178221820947082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(99)00026-4"},{"key":"bibr22-1178221820947082","volume-title":"Indicators of Mental Health Problems Reported by Prisoners and Jail Inmates, 2011-12","author":"Bronson J","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr23-1178221820947082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa064115"},{"key":"bibr24-1178221820947082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2007.58.2.266"},{"key":"bibr25-1178221820947082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302836"}],"container-title":["Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1178221820947082","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1178221820947082","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1178221820947082","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T03:29:46Z","timestamp":1777692586000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1178221820947082"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"references-count":25,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1178221820947082"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1178221820947082","relation":{},"ISSN":["1178-2218","1178-2218"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1178-2218","type":"print"},{"value":"1178-2218","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"article-number":"1178221820947082"}}