{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T02:15:12Z","timestamp":1782872112606,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"International Indexed Publication Grant","award":["363\/UN2.RST\/HKP.05.00\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["363\/UN2.RST\/HKP.05.00\/2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Subst\ufffdAbuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A growing number of recent literatures have attempted to document the factors related to drug use in different contexts, but limited studies analyzed the factors related to patient\u2019s severity level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to examine the correlates of behavioral, environmental, socioeconomic, geographic factors, and severe drug addiction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used a sample of 6790 people who use drugs (PWUD) from rehabilitation centers during 2019 to 2020 in Indonesia. Data were obtained from Drugs Rehabilitation Information System (SIRENA) by the Indonesian National Narcotics Agency (BNN) during 2019 to 2020. SIRENA used the adapted version of WHO\u2019s Addiction Severity Index (ASI), which assesses patient\u2019s addiction severity level and relevant factors. A composite of the ASI factors is classified as \u201cpoor\u201d or \u201cserious\u201d if its score is 4 or higher. The data was analyzed using logistic regression model to estimate correlations of severe drug addiction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found a high prevalence (65.08%) of our sample reported having severe drug addiction, which needed intervention and support. Poor psychiatric condition (OR\u2009=\u20094.02, CI: 2.97-5.44), serious work-related issue (OR\u2009=\u20092.10, 1.75-2.51), poor medical condition (OR\u2009=\u20092.01, 1.32-3.06), and serious family and social problems (OR\u2009=\u20092.56, 2.15-3.05) were significantly associated with severe drug addiction. Male users had higher odds of severe drug addiction (OR\u2009=\u20091.81, 1.55-2.20), compared to female counterparts. Patients in urban areas had higher odds of severe drug addiction (OR\u2009=\u20091.19, 1.1-1.3) than those in rural. Those in less developed regions (eg, Sumatera, Kalimantan, and Sulawesi) had higher odds of severe drug addiction (OR\u2009=\u20092.33, 1.9-2.9), compared to those in the most developed region (eg, Java and Bali).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This evidence can help policymakers in refining the harm reduction policies in Indonesia and other countries with similar settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/11782218231203687","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T06:21:14Z","timestamp":1696832474000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Mental Health, Environmental, and Socioeconomic Geographic Factors of Severe Drug Addiction: Analysis of Rehabilitation Center Data in Indonesia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Wijaya","family":"Dewabhrata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia"},{"name":"Indonesian National Narcotics Agency (BNN), Ciamis Regency, West Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdilah","family":"Ahsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia"},{"name":"Lembaga Demografi, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrianna","family":"Bella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Economics, Monash Business School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadira","family":"Amalia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lembaga Demografi, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dian","family":"Kusuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Economics & Policy Innovation, Imperial College Business School, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuyu Buono Ayuning","family":"Pertiwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lembaga Demografi, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-11782218231203687","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. World Drug Report 2021. 2021. Accessed April 12, 2023. https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/unodc\/en\/dataand-analysis\/wdr2021.html"},{"key":"bibr2-11782218231203687","unstructured":"Ritchie H, Arriagada P, Roser M. Opioids, Cocaine, Cannabis and Illicit Drugs. Our World in Data; 2022. Accessed April 12, 2023. https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/illicit-drug-use"},{"key":"bibr3-11782218231203687","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30337-7"},{"key":"bibr4-11782218231203687","author":"National Drug Intelligence Center","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society"},{"key":"bibr5-11782218231203687","unstructured":"BNN. Indonesia Drugs Report 2020. D. Research, and Information Center of National Narcotics Board, 2020."},{"key":"bibr6-11782218231203687","volume-title":"Taking Advantage of the Demographic Dividend in Indonesia: A Brief Introduction to Theory and Practice","author":"Hayes A","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr7-11782218231203687","unstructured":"Addiction Center. Addiction in Indonesia. 2022. Accessed April 12, 2023. https:\/\/www.addictioncenter.com\/addiction\/addiction-in-indonesia\/"},{"key":"bibr8-11782218231203687","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30699\/jambs.30.142.3"},{"key":"bibr9-11782218231203687","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-020-00332-z"},{"key":"bibr10-11782218231203687","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.08.015"},{"key":"bibr11-11782218231203687","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abrep.2021.100340"},{"key":"bibr12-11782218231203687","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.10.009"},{"key":"bibr13-11782218231203687","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.107990"},{"key":"bibr14-11782218231203687","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.10.010"},{"key":"bibr15-11782218231203687","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.04.029"},{"key":"bibr16-11782218231203687","unstructured":"BNN. 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