{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T17:56:33Z","timestamp":1781459793789,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Breast Cancer&amp;#65533;(Auckl)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Breast cancer remains a major public health concern among Iraqi women, with limited awareness and practice of self-examination and screening contributing to late detection. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of self-examination and screening barriers on breast cancer detection and to examine the relationship between these barriers and cancer stages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Baghdad, Iraq, among 325 women aged 18\u201363 years who had been diagnosed with breast cancer. The questionnaire assessed self-examination practices, screening experiences, and perceived barriers to early detection. Statistical analyses included chi-squared tests to determine associations between variables.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The findings revealed poor engagement in self-examination: 68.3% of participants never checked for lumps, 89.8% had not been trained to feel a lump, and 79.4% had not undergone screening before diagnosis (p=0.021, 0.001, and 0.002, respectively). Significant screening barriers were reported, including difficulties communicating with doctors (90.8%, p=0.014), limited decision-making power to undergo testing (81.2%, p=0.035), and reluctance to waste doctors\u2019 time (81.2%, p=0.029). A strong association was found between cancer stage and health insurance (\u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =47.646, p=0.001), and between fear of visiting doctors and cancer stage (\u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =6.961, p=0.031).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Low awareness and barriers to screening significantly delay breast cancer detection. Enhancing women\u2019s knowledge and empowerment through sustained health education, accessible screening services, and targeted awareness campaigns is essential to promote early diagnosis and reduce the disease\u2019s health and social impact.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/11782234261458541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T13:14:17Z","timestamp":1781270057000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Self-Examination and Screening Barriers Associated With Breast Cancer Stages Among Patient Women in Baghdad, Iraq"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6244-3776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Mawlood Ibrahim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College Science"},{"name":"University of Sfax"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Khalid Abdulldah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College Medicine"},{"name":"University of Diyala"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abderrazek","family":"Oueslati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College Science"},{"name":"University of Sfax"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Gargouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College Science"},{"name":"University of Sfax"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clbc.2020.02.001"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","first-page":"e863","article-title":"Local Recurrence and Survival Outcomes of Multifocal\/Multicentric Breast Cancer After Breast Conserving Therapy: A systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"18","author":"Sun Y","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sun Y, Gao L, Zhou X, et al. Local Recurrence and Survival Outcomes of Multifocal\/Multicentric Breast Cancer After Breast Conserving Therapy: A systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clinical Breast Cancer. 2018;18(5):e863-e868.","journal-title":"Clinical Breast Cancer"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clbc.2023.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clbc.2023.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clbc.2023.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clbc.2018.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47419\/bjbabs.v3i01.64"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","article-title":"Clinical and Histopathological Features of Breast Cancer in Iraqi Patients between 2018-2021","volume":"65","author":"Mohsin NR","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mohsin NR, Mohamad BJ. Clinical and Histopathological Features of Breast Cancer in Iraqi Patients between 2018-2021. Iraqi journal of scinec. 2024;65(1).","journal-title":"Iraqi journal of scinec"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","first-page":"426","article-title":"Lack of association between LCS6 variantin KRAS gene with the occurrence of breast tumors in Iraqi women","volume":"17","author":"Roya HA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Roya HA, Hameed MJ, Wieeam AS. Lack of association between LCS6 variantin KRAS gene with the occurrence of breast tumors in Iraqi women. Baghdad Sci. J. 2020;17(2):426-430.","journal-title":"Baghdad Sci. J"},{"issue":"04","key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","article-title":"Assessment of Knowledge Regarding Breast Cancer among Women","volume":"12","author":"Wafaa AA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wafaa AA, Maryam AK, Mohammed TA. Assessment of Knowledge Regarding Breast Cancer among Women. J Cardiovasc. Dis. Res. 2021;12(ISSUE 04).","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc. Dis. 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