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Armed groups and criminal organizations have increased and consolidated their influence over illegal mining and may be diverting US$5 billion from Colombia\u2019s annual economy. As of 2014, 46% of the total area (78\u2009939\u2009ha) exploited for alluvial gold was in the Afro-Colombian Pacific States, in which unregulated mining was the main driver of deforestation. The informal job market represents 49% of the workforce and absent other economic alternatives, this workforce of ex-guerrillas, organized crime groups and corrupt officials will sustain the black markets that permeate gold mining. Human health consequences of unregulated gold mining are largely unrecognized, but include the spread of malaria and other insect-borne diseases, and we suggest diseases such as babesiosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1178630219862241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,15]],"date-time":"2019-07-15T08:09:01Z","timestamp":1563178141000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Disarmament is the New War, Gold is the New Opium, and Ecohealth is the Historic Victim"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2154-4387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Villar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n CIBAV, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J","family":"Schaeffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1178630219862241","first-page":"194","volume":"5","author":"Villar D","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pollut Eff Cont"},{"key":"bibr2-1178630219862241","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Ecohealth Research in Practice: Innovative Applications of an Ecosystem Approach to Health","volume":"2012","author":"Charron DF"},{"key":"bibr3-1178630219862241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waltner-Toews D, Kay J. The evolution of an ecosystem approach: the diamond schematic and an adaptive methodology for ecosystem sustainability and health. Ecol Soc. 2005;10:38. http:\/\/www.ecologyandsociety.org\/vol10\/iss1\/art38\/.","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-01214-100138"},{"key":"bibr4-1178630219862241","unstructured":"Colombia Attorney General. En marcha panel de expertos que asesorar\u00e1 cumplimiento de la Sentencia que protege al r\u00edo Atrato. Bolet\u00edn 829 [In progress panel of experts that will advise compliance with the Judgment that protects the Atrato River Bulletin 829.]. https:\/\/www.procuraduria.gov.co\/portal\/Procuraduria-integra-panel-de-expertos-para-proteger-rio-Atrato.news. Updated October 15, 2017. Accessed October 28, 2018."},{"key":"bibr5-1178630219862241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seps.2017.04.002"},{"key":"bibr6-1178630219862241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rozo S. Unintended effects of illegal economic activities: illegal gold mining and malaria. https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=2834623. Updated September 7, 2016. Accessed October 22, 2018.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2834623"},{"key":"bibr7-1178630219862241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/eesa.1996.0041"},{"key":"bibr8-1178630219862241","volume-title":"Ecologia: El hombre y la transformaci\u00f3n de la naturaleza","author":"Gast\u00f3 J.","year":"1979"},{"key":"bibr9-1178630219862241","unstructured":"Rettenmayer N. Embassies join forces to promote mercury-free gold mining in Colombia. US Department of State. https:\/\/blogs.state.gov\/stories\/2018\/04\/05\/en\/embassies-join-forces-promote-mercury-free-gold-mining-colombia. Updated April 5, 2018. Accessed March 3, 2019."},{"key":"bibr10-1178630219862241","unstructured":"Bargent J, Norby M. Blood gold: from conflict zones in Colombia to jewelry stores in the US. 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