{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T13:14:05Z","timestamp":1793366045632,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709510400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environ&amp;#65533;Health&amp;#65533;Insights"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The World Health Organization (WHO) defined Disease X as an upcoming disease with the potential to cause a pandemic. Pathogen X is responsible for Disease X. Marburg virus disease (MVD) is one of the diseases from the priority disease list published by WHO. Marburg virus is a filamentous, negative-sense RNA virus that belongs to the same filovirus family as the lethal Ebola virus. Since the first discovery of this virus in 1967, 17 outbreaks occurred sporadically till 2023.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Rousettus aegyptiacus<\/jats:italic>\n                    acts as the natural reservoir of the virus. With an average incubation period of 5 to 10\u2009days, its first target is the mononuclear phagocytic system cells. It is highly contagious and can be easily transmitted from animal to human and human to human via direct contact with blood or body fluid, feces, and semen of the infected host. Although Marburg disease has a high case fatality rate of close to 90%, unfortunately, there is no approved vaccines or treatments are available. The most recent outbreak of Marburg virus in Equatorial Guinea and Tanzania in 2023 caused an alert for global health. However, based on the last global pandemic of COVID-19 and the sudden re-emerging of monkeypox around the world, we can assume that the Marburg virus has the potential to cause a global pandemic. Our modern world depends on globalization, which helps the virus transmission among countries. The Marburg virus can easily be transmitted to humans by fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family. This virus causes severe hemorrhagic disease, and there are no specific vaccines and treatments available to combat it. Therefore, community engagement and early supportive care for patients are keys to successfully controlling MVD.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/11786302241235809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T03:48:47Z","timestamp":1709524127000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The Current Pathogenicity and Potential Risk Evaluation of Marburg Virus to Cause Mysterious \u201cDisease X\u201d\u2014An Update on Recent Evidences"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Rahima Akter","family":"Mitu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Farmgate, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Rabiul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Merul Badda, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30123-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2020.5.48215"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Prioritizing disease for research and development in emergency contexts. 2018. Accessed October 30 2023. https:\/\/www.who.int\/activities\/prioritizing-diseases-for-research-and-development-in-emergency-contexts"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61684-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42269-023-00987-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","first-page":"332","article-title":"Past and current advances in Marburg virus disease: a review","volume":"28","author":"Asad A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Asad A, Aamir A, Qureshi NE, et al. Past and current advances in Marburg virus disease: a review. Infez Med. 2020;28:332-345.","journal-title":"Infez Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","article-title":"Marburg and Ebola Hemorrhagic Fevers (Filoviruses)","author":"Geisbert TW","unstructured":"Geisbert TW. Marburg and Ebola Hemorrhagic Fevers (Filoviruses). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett\u2019s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 2015;1995-1999.e1.","journal-title":"Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett\u2019s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v4101878"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00069-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5995.489"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2022.2054760"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trv024"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000001257"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","article-title":"The neglected continuously emerging Marburg virus disease in Africa: a global public health threat","volume":"6","author":"Srivastava D","year":"2023","unstructured":"Srivastava D, Kutikuppala LV, Shanker P, et al. The neglected continuously emerging Marburg virus disease in Africa: a global public health threat. Heal Sci Rep. 2023;6:e1661-e1669.","journal-title":"Heal Sci Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20499361231168520"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1871526523666230228103845"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad161"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12673"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1239079"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.07.042"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","article-title":"Marburg virus disease outbreak amidst COVID-19 in the Republic of Guinea: a point of contention for the fragile health system?","volume":"13","author":"Okonji OC","year":"2022","unstructured":"Okonji OC, Okonji EF, Mohanan P, et al. 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