{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T12:45:11Z","timestamp":1788266711529,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environ\ufffdHealth\ufffdInsights"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Foodborne pathogens (FBPs) are transmitted principally through the consumption of contaminated food or drinking water and pose a remarkable public health risk, particularly in low-income countries. A cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2021 and January 2023 to estimate the prevalence, co-occurrence, and monthly patterns of FBPs in the physical exposures of children with diarrhea in Harar town and Kersa district, Ethiopia. Animal, food, and environmental samples were collected from direct or indirect contact sites of children with diarrhea. The isolation and identification of FBPs, including nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS), diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC), and Shigella, was performed using selective and deferential culture media and a series of biochemical tests. Among the 438 analyzed samples, the overall prevalence of these pathogens was 18.3%, with 3.9% co-occurrence and 14.4% single pathogen occurrence rates. The highest prevalence was observed in wastewater (40.9%; AOR\u2009=\u20093.3; 95% CI: 1.1-10.1). The pathogen detection rate in food was 17.9% (AOR\u2009=\u20091.2; 95% CI: 0.4-3.6), with no significant difference between animal-sourced and other food categories. The occurrence rates of NTS, DEC, and Shigella in the meat samples were 13.9%, 5.4%, and 6.5%, respectively. Interestingly, DEC and Shigella were detected in cooked food. Moreover, Shigella was detected in drinking water (5%) and other water sources (10%). A significantly higher prevalence of FBPs was detected in poultry than in cattle and camel feces. This study revealed fluctuations in the monthly occurrence patterns of FBPs, with a peak of 37.1% during the dry season. In conclusion, the study revealed a high prevalence of FBPs, with no significant differences between rural and urban areas or food and water sources, highlighting the need for food safety measures in both settings. Further studies with larger sample sizes and advanced diagnostics are recommended to determine the relative contribution of each source.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/11786302241288167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T07:15:57Z","timestamp":1728371757000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens in Animal, Food, and Environmental Samples Collected From the Physical Exposure of Children With Diarrhea in Ethiopia: A One Health Approach"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Tesfaye","family":"Gobena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dinaol","family":"Belina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia"},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ameha","family":"Kebede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meseret","family":"Chimdessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abduleziz","family":"Jemal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia"},{"name":"Afran Kello Farmers\u2019 Cooperative Union, Animal health section, Haramaya, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chafe","family":"Husen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tine","family":"Hald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-11786302241288167","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Diarrhoeal disease: an overview. 2024. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/diarrhoeal-disease"},{"key":"bibr2-11786302241288167","unstructured":"NDMC. National and Sub-national Burden of Diarrheal Disease in Ethiopia, 1990 to 2019. Ethiopian National Data Management Center for Health; 2021:5\u20136. https:\/\/ndmc.ephi.gov.et\/national-and-sub-national-burden-of-diarrheal-disease-in-ethiopia-1990-to-2019\/"},{"key":"bibr3-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zenebe Zelelie T, Shenkute Gebreyes D, Tesema Tilahun A, Craddock HA, Zegeye Gishen N. Enteropathogens in under-five children with diarrhea in health facilities of Debre Berhan Town, North Shoa, Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2019;29:203. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6460452\/","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhs.v29i2.7"},{"key":"bibr4-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117863612311965","DOI":"10.1177\/11786361231196527","volume":"16","author":"Belina D","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol Insights"},{"key":"bibr5-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s42522-020-00033-4","volume":"3","author":"Belina D","year":"2021","journal-title":"One Heal Outlook"},{"key":"bibr6-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2023.1058977"},{"key":"bibr7-11786302241288167","first-page":"131","volume":"2","author":"Pieracci EG","year":"2016","journal-title":"ONEHLT"},{"key":"bibr8-11786302241288167","volume":"17","author":"Tamene A","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bibr9-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-015-0946-9","volume":"48","author":"Gebregiorgis A","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"bibr10-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2437-2","volume":"17","author":"Abdi RD","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"bibr11-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/11786361211060736"},{"key":"bibr12-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"06","DOI":"10.33545\/26646536.2022.v4.i1a.30","volume":"4","author":"Amente D","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Biosci Biochem"},{"key":"bibr13-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5265","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S375043","volume":"15","author":"Asfaw T","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"bibr14-11786302241288167","unstructured":"ERCS. Ethiopia Harar Town Integrated WASH Response Skybird Project Skybird Programme. Ethiopian Red Cross Society (ERCS); 2022. https:\/\/skybird-wash.net\/2022\/11\/27\/1668\/"},{"key":"bibr15-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s42522-021-00056-5","volume":"4","author":"Erkyihun GA","year":"2022","journal-title":"One Heal Outlook"},{"key":"bibr16-11786302241288167","unstructured":"National One Health Strategic Plan. Ethiopia National One Health Strategic Plan (2018-2022). The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. FDRE, Addis Ababa; 2018. https:\/\/faolex.fao.org\/docs\/pdf\/eth214405.pdf"},{"key":"bibr17-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-019-4516-5","volume":"12","author":"Taddese D","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"bibr18-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1178630219853581"},{"key":"bibr19-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-1055-y","volume":"13","author":"Kiflu B","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"bibr20-11786302241288167","volume":"11","author":"Alemu G","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"bibr21-11786302241288167","unstructured":"UNICEF. Situation analysis of children and women: Harari region. 2019. https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/ethiopia\/media\/2546\/file\/Harari region.pdf."},{"key":"bibr22-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-021-01651-2"},{"key":"bibr23-11786302241288167","unstructured":"Nega A, Zelalem D, Oljira L, et al. Ethiopia\u2014Harar urban HDSS INDEPTH core dataset 2012-2016 (Release 2018). iSHARE Repository. 2018. https:\/\/www.indepth-ishare.org\/index.php\/catalog\/146"},{"key":"bibr24-11786302241288167","unstructured":"Haramaya University. Kersa district research project public report. Haramaya University Office of the Research A\ufb00airs. 2018. Kersa District. http:\/\/researchaffairs.haramaya.edu.et\/?page_id=4614"},{"key":"bibr25-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed4020088"},{"key":"bibr26-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2023.09.008"},{"key":"bibr27-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.OH-0020-2013","volume":"2","author":"Silva C","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"bibr28-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8264583"},{"key":"bibr29-11786302241288167","unstructured":"IDPH. Health, Illinois Department of Public. Water microbiology laboratory guidelines for performing quality control procedures. 2023. https:\/\/dph.illinois.gov\/topics-services\/lab-testing-services\/environmental-water-lab-certification\/ohp-forms\/water-microbiology-laboratory-guidelines-for-performing-quality-html"},{"key":"bibr30-11786302241288167","unstructured":"Mikoleit M. WHO Global Foodborne Infections Network \u201cA WHO network building capacity to detect, control and prevent foodborne and other enteric infections from farm to table\u201d Laboratory Protocol: \u201cIsolation of Salmonella and Shigella from Faecal Specimens.\u201d 2010. https:\/\/www.scirp.org\/reference\/referencespapers?referenceid=1844963"},{"key":"bibr31-11786302241288167","unstructured":"Andrews W, Wang H, Jacobson A, et al. Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM). Chapter 5: Salmonella; April 2023 Edition. 2023. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/food\/laboratory-methods-food\/bacteriological-analytical-manual-bam"},{"key":"bibr32-11786302241288167","first-page":"32","volume-title":"Handbook of Culture Media for Food and Water Microbiology","volume":"2011","author":"Heuvelink A"},{"key":"bibr33-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12461","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-61810-z","volume":"14","author":"Bedane TD","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"bibr34-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zinabu S, Edao B, Koran T, et al. Prevalence and antimicrobial sensitivity profiles of\n                      E. coli\n                      O157:H7 in layers value chain: chickens, environment and personnel in Bishoftu, Central Ethiopia. Heliyon. 2023;23. https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4418839#:~:text=The%20PCR%20detected%20the%20eae%20gene","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4418839"},{"key":"bibr35-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3390\/w12010051","volume":"12","author":"Rodrigues C","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"bibr36-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12050941","volume":"12","author":"Gemeda BA","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Antibiot"},{"key":"bibr37-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30456-5"},{"key":"bibr38-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2016.1140632"},{"key":"bibr39-11786302241288167","first-page":"1970","volume":"12","author":"Marin DE","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agric"},{"key":"bibr40-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205031212110009","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121211000911","volume":"9","author":"Abera K","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sage Open Med"},{"key":"bibr41-11786302241288167","volume-title":"Current Tropics in Salmonella and Salmonellosis","author":"Boulani AE","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr42-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-008-1829-z"},{"key":"bibr43-11786302241288167","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The 4th International Symposium on Epidemiology and Control of Salmonella and Other Foodborne Pathogens in Purk","volume":"2001","author":"Rostagno M"},{"key":"bibr44-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2752"},{"key":"bibr45-11786302241288167","first-page":"137","volume":"20","author":"Tassew H","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ethiop J Health Sci"},{"key":"bibr46-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6027079","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6027079","volume":"2020","author":"Tafere Y","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Environ Public Health"},{"key":"bibr47-11786302241288167","first-page":"43","volume":"15","author":"Abate D","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Health Sci"},{"key":"bibr48-11786302241288167","first-page":"716","volume":"4","author":"Assefa A","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"bibr49-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.2174\/1874285802014010123","volume":"14","author":"Bedada TL","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Microbiol J"},{"key":"bibr50-11786302241288167","volume":"17","author":"Worku W","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bibr51-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6626373","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6626373","volume":"2021","author":"Gebremedhin EZ","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Microbiol"},{"key":"bibr52-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108382"},{"key":"bibr53-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app132011495"},{"key":"bibr54-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2015.10.015","volume":"9","author":"Garedew L","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"bibr55-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(01)00595-5"},{"key":"bibr56-11786302241288167","first-page":"143","volume":"3","author":"Dabassa A","year":"2012","journal-title":"IJBPR"},{"key":"bibr57-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40550-019-0071-z"},{"key":"bibr58-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2009.02757.x"},{"key":"bibr59-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2372-2","volume":"17","author":"Abdissa R","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"bibr60-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16018","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43043-8","volume":"13","author":"Sarba EJ","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"bibr61-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40550-015-0024-0","volume":"3","author":"Reta MA","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Food Contam"},{"key":"bibr62-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40550-023-00101-3","volume":"10","author":"Bedassa A","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Saf Risk"},{"key":"bibr63-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2020.104762","volume":"109","author":"Keba A","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Dairy J"},{"key":"bibr64-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.21608\/avmj.2020.166382","volume":"66","author":"Hassan Thabet M","year":"2020","journal-title":"Assiut Vet Med J"},{"key":"bibr65-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.22-0018","volume":"84","author":"Elkenany R","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"bibr66-11786302241288167","first-page":"19","volume":"23","author":"Kibret M","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ethiop J Health Sci"},{"key":"bibr67-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-021-05554-3","volume":"14","author":"Pakbin B","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"bibr68-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.4236\/ojmm.2014.44027","volume":"04","author":"Umeh SI","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"bibr69-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12490"},{"key":"bibr70-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S430115","volume":"17","author":"Tegegne H","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"bibr71-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-017-0938-1"},{"key":"bibr72-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12889"},{"key":"bibr73-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu Z, Wang W, Cao M, et al. Virulence factors and molecular characteristics of\n                      Shigella flexneri\n                      isolated from calves with diarrhea. BMC Microbiol. 2021;21:214.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-021-02277-0"},{"key":"bibr74-11786302241288167","volume":"9","author":"Shi R","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bibr75-11786302241288167","unstructured":"University of South Florida. Shigellosis: Occupational health and safety. Research integrity and compliance. https:\/\/www.usf.edu\/research-innovation\/research-support\/research-integrity-compliance\/iacuc\/occupational-health-safety\/shigellosis.aspx"},{"key":"bibr76-11786302241288167","first-page":"1","volume":"25","author":"Obi O","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiol Res J Int"},{"key":"bibr77-11786302241288167","volume":"6","author":"Zhu Z","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"key":"bibr78-11786302241288167","first-page":"268","volume":"06","author":"Kassaye BK","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vet Sci Technol"},{"key":"bibr79-11786302241288167","first-page":"190","volume":"32","author":"Amenu K","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"key":"bibr80-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-015-1376-5"},{"key":"bibr81-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-215"},{"key":"bibr82-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.07335","volume":"4","author":"Connor TR","year":"2015","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"bibr83-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00151-5"},{"key":"bibr84-11786302241288167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/9918421","volume":"2023","author":"Kimemia JM","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Public Health"},{"key":"bibr85-11786302241288167","first-page":"805","volume":"6","author":"Flores Monter YM","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Dis Model"}],"container-title":["Environmental Health Insights"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/11786302241288167","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/11786302241288167","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/11786302241288167","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T19:23:28Z","timestamp":1777404208000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/11786302241288167"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"references-count":85,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/11786302241288167"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/11786302241288167","relation":{},"ISSN":["1178-6302","1178-6302"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1178-6302","type":"print"},{"value":"1178-6302","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"article-number":"11786302241288167"}}