{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T05:55:57Z","timestamp":1779083757399,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environ\ufffdHealth\ufffdInsights"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The increasing cases of chronic kidney disease is a global public health concern. The potential link between consumption of food contaminated with heavy metals and development of end stage renal disease is becoming an emerging challenge. This study aimed to identify heavy metal contaminants in food and environmental risk factors for development of chronic kidney disease in Nigeria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectional survey in 4 high burden local government areas of Jigawa state, northwest Nigeria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The median age of the respondents was 45\u2009years (interquartile range\u2009=\u200930\u201380)\u2009years. All the households had normal values of cadmium in the food analyzed. The majority of households (97.8%) had elevated mercury levels in analyzed food. Approximately 4.2% of households had increased lead levels. Elevated mercury levels were significantly higher in households that did not cultivate the food they consumed (median\u2009=\u20092.503\u2009mg\/kg, P\u2009=\u2009.05), those that did not use fertilizer on their farms (median\u2009=\u20092.522\u2009mg\/kg, P\u2009=\u2009.02), and those whose farms were located outside their communities (median\u2009=\u20092.733\u2009mg\/kg, P\u2009=\u2009.020). Households that did not use fertilizer on the farm (median\u2009=\u20090.027\u2009mg\/kg, P\u2009=\u2009.007), and those that primarily consumed rice (median\u2009=\u20090.023\u2009mg\/kg, P\u2009=\u2009.005) had significantly higher lead concentrations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified high levels of mercury in food samples of the majority of the households studied. Elevated levels of mercury were associated with food cultivation practices and fertilizer use. We recommend future studies that will identify points of food contamination and inform the development of appropriate environmental remediation measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/11786302241301700","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T03:50:33Z","timestamp":1732161033000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Correlates of Food Contamination by Heavy Metals in Northwest Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1383-5635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Usman Muhammad","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Management, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mustapha Zakariyya","family":"Karkarna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Management, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salisu Muazu","family":"Babura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University\/Rasheed Shekoni Teaching Hospital Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mujahid Ajah","family":"Matazu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Management, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abubakar Mohammed","family":"Jibo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Lawan","family":"Umar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Advanced Environmental and Occupational Health, Bayero University Kano\/Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muktar Hassan","family":"Aliyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-11786302241301700","first-page":"717","volume":"23","author":"Iwunze E","year":"2023","journal-title":"Niger Heal 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