{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:12:09Z","timestamp":1787019129890,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environ\ufffdHealth\ufffdInsights"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is a major threat to public health and economic stability, particularly in Sub-Saharan African countries such as Ghana. However, limited consolidated evidence exists on the extent of exposure, associated health outcomes, and economic impacts. This systematic review aimed to summarize available studies on health effects of PAH exposure in Ghana and assess potential economic implications. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and African Journals Online was conducted for studies published between January 2014 and January 2025. Sixteen studies met the eligibility criteria. Considerable heterogeneity was observed regarding study designs, target populations, matrices assessed, and PAH analytes measured. Most studies were ecological, limiting comparability and economic estimation. Nonetheless, findings indicate significant exposure to PAHs through environmental (soil, street dust, particulate matter) and occupational (fish smoking, urban living) sources. Urinary PAH metabolite levels among exposed groups were substantially elevated, and over 70% of studies reported carcinogenic risk indices exceeding WHO and USEPA thresholds of 1\u2009\u00d7\u200910\u207b\u2076. Health effects such as persistent cough, chronic headaches, tachycardia, and dyspnea were reported. Although no Ghanaian study directly evaluated the economic burden, the evidence suggests increased healthcare costs, productivity losses, and environmental remediation expenses. This review identifies critical gaps, including the need for personal exposure measurements, longitudinal health assessments, and economic evaluations. Addressing these gaps is essential for informed policy development and resource allocation to reduce the health and economic impacts of PAH pollution in Ghana.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/11786302251343767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T04:21:34Z","timestamp":1750306894000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Public Health Effects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Exposure Through Air, Water, Soil, and Food in Ghana: Possible Economic Burden"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8498-4021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prosper Manu","family":"Abdulai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Education, Faculty of Environment and Health Education, Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development, Asante Mampong, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Onyinyechi","family":"Bede-Ojimadu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kampala International University, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amarachi Paschaline","family":"Onyena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Environment and Pollution Control, Nigeria Maritime University, Okerenkoko, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6802-2861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Frazzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases, and Aging, Istituto Superiore Di Sanit\u00e0, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomi A.","family":"Mogborukor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Port Harcourt, PMB, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osazuwa Clinton","family":"Ekhator","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Department of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Benin, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3724-5944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Godswill J.","family":"Udom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Kampala International University, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eudora","family":"Nwanaforo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Science, School of Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5806-9858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orish Ebere","family":"Orisakwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"African Centre of Excellence for Public Health and Toxicological Research, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria"},{"name":"Advanced Research Centre, European University of Lefke, Lefke, Northern Cyprus, Mersin, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.133948"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-2648-7_5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-09428-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23311916.2023.2199511"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-4022-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Monograph 92: some non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and some related exposures (Lyons France 2010). 2010. https:\/\/publications.iarc.fr\/Book-And-Report-Series\/Iarc-Monographs-On-The-Identification-Of-Carcinogenic-Hazards-To-Humans\/Some-Non-heterocyclic-Polycyclic-Aromatic-Hydrocarbons-And-Some-Related-Exposures-2010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106971"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-024-12500-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su162310346"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13040321"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.07.071"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.02.142"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.05.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/11786302241306932"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/11786302231213546"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1420326X14544530"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","unstructured":"Kusi C. Indoor Air Pollution Monitoring for Urinary Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Phenols Phthalates and Some Metabolites of Fish Smokers From Three Coastal Regions of Ghana. Doctoral dissertation. University of Cape Coast. https:\/\/ir.ucc.edu.gh\/xmlui\/handle\/123456789\/7138"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2020.107576"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120973"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","unstructured":"Duker RQ. Distribution Toxicological Effects and Remediation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Selected Lagoons in Ghana. Doctoral dissertation. University of Cape Coast. https:\/\/ir.ucc.edu.gh\/xmlui\/handle\/123456789\/7128"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","first-page":"13","article-title":"Health risk assessment and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) in commercially available singed cowhide within the Greater Accra region, Ghana","volume":"30","author":"Tay CK","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tay CK, Doamekpor LK, Mohammed S, et al. Health risk assessment and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) in commercially available singed cowhide within the Greater Accra region, Ghana. West Afr J Appl Ecol. 2022;30:13-34.","journal-title":"West Afr J Appl Ecol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","unstructured":"Domfeh A. Assessment of paediatric health risk associated with trace metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH s) contamination in cereal-based baby foods from the Greater Accra Region. 2021. https:\/\/inis.iaea.org\/records\/jaqbf-0w480"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-6311-3"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","first-page":"110","article-title":"Health risk assessment of exposure to particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at a tollbooth on a major highway","volume":"5","author":"Safo-Adu G","year":"2014","unstructured":"Safo-Adu G, Ofosu FG, Carboo D, Serfor-Armah Y. Health risk assessment of exposure to particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at a tollbooth on a major highway. Am J Sci Ind Res. 2014;5(4):110-119.","journal-title":"Am J Sci Ind Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/gjs.v61i1.5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Cancer as an Environmental Disease","author":"Peltonen K.","unstructured":"Peltonen K. The role of DNA damage and DNA-damaging environmental chemicals in carcinogenesis. In: Cancer as an Environmental Disease. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2004:57-70."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","first-page":"42","article-title":"Cost and outcomes of acute cardiovascular disease hospitalizations in a tertiary hospital in Ghana","volume":"59","author":"Appiah LT","year":"2023","unstructured":"Appiah LT, Nguah SB, Opare-Addo PA, et al. Cost and outcomes of acute cardiovascular disease hospitalizations in a tertiary hospital in Ghana. Alex J Med. 2023;59(1):42-47.","journal-title":"Alex J Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","article-title":"Estimating the lifetime cost of managing hypertension in Ghana: a modelling study","volume":"17","author":"Atibila F","year":"2024","unstructured":"Atibila F, Asamani JA, Donkoh ET, Ruiter R, Kok G, Hoor GT. Estimating the lifetime cost of managing hypertension in Ghana: a modelling study. Health Serv Insights. 2024;17:11786329241241909.","journal-title":"Health Serv Insights"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41669-020-00230-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","first-page":"101580","article-title":"Global and regional projections of the economic burden of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related dementias from 2019 to 2050: a value of statistical life approach","volume":"51","author":"Nandi A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nandi A, Counts N, Chen S, et al. Global and regional projections of the economic burden of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related dementias from 2019 to 2050: a value of statistical life approach. med. 2022;51:101580.","journal-title":"med"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12901"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","unstructured":"WHO. Beating childhood cancers through early detection and treatment. 2021. Accessed January 12 2025. https:\/\/www.afro.who.int\/countries\/ghana\/news\/beating-childhood-cancers-through-early-detection-and-treatment#:~:text=Although%20more%20than%2080%25%20of receive%20support%20for%20its%20implementation"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00201-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135582"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031364"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-018-0147-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-021-01031-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122409"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.119103"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12168"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.13411"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1573401315666190215112216"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32394\/rpzh.2021.0178"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127683"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119912"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","article-title":"Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Nigeria\u2019s environment: a review","volume":"16","author":"Okedere OB","year":"2022","unstructured":"Okedere OB, Elehinafe FB. Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Nigeria\u2019s environment: a review. Sci Afr. 2022;16:e01144.","journal-title":"Sci Afr"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gangiah S. Pollution from cooking in rural and poor urban households of Africa: a methodological review. HTS Teol Stud\/Theol Stud. 2022;78(2). https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5485-1861","DOI":"10.4102\/hts.v78i2.7708"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(15)30003-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/2049396714Y.0000000085"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-29422-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408582"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv120"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2023.108394"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12705"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","volume-title":"Mass Spectrometric Investigation on the Formation and Repair of DNA Modifications","author":"Guo S.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guo S. Mass Spectrometric Investigation on the Formation and Repair of DNA Modifications. University of California; 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","volume-title":"FOXA Genes in Lung Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo","author":"Bersaas AT.","unstructured":"Bersaas AT. FOXA Genes in Lung Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo. 2017. Doctoral dissertation. University of Oslo."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27041379"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2024.116156"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","volume-title":"Economic Costs of Air Pollution in Accra, Ghana","author":"Santos AC","year":"2021","unstructured":"Santos AC, Nonvignon J, Blankson PK, Johnson A, Aikins M. Economic Costs of Air Pollution in Accra, Ghana. World Health Organization; 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd-20-3281"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102470"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102215"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243642"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","article-title":"Sociodemographic factors associated with time to discharge for hospitalised patients with asthma and asthma exacerbation using the Ghana Health Service District Information Management System 2 (DHIMS-2) database, 2012\u20132017","volume":"8","author":"Narh CT","year":"2021","unstructured":"Narh CT, Der JB, Afetor M, Ofosu A, Blettner M, Wollschlaeger D. Sociodemographic factors associated with time to discharge for hospitalised patients with asthma and asthma exacerbation using the Ghana Health Service District Information Management System 2 (DHIMS-2) database, 2012\u20132017. BMJ Open Respir Res. 2021;8(1).","journal-title":"BMJ Open Respir Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","article-title":"Chronic respiratory disease observatory for Africa (CHEST-Africa): study protocol for the prevalence, determinants and economic impacts of asthma and COPD in Africa","volume":"11","author":"Ozoh OB","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ozoh OB, Ndimande N, Amaral AFS, et al. Chronic respiratory disease observatory for Africa (CHEST-Africa): study protocol for the prevalence, determinants and economic impacts of asthma and COPD in Africa. BMJ Open Respir Res. 2024;11(1):e002416.","journal-title":"BMJ Open Respir Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2014.56"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101530"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-020-01563-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23126719"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12403-022-00475-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192114079"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3724\/abbs.2022084"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.1052333"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147632"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3627-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","volume-title":"Health Costs of Air Pollution in European Cities and the Linkage With Transport","author":"CE Delft","year":"2020","unstructured":"CE Delft. Health Costs of Air Pollution in European Cities and the Linkage With Transport. CE Delft; 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dajnak D Kitwiroon N Assareh N et al. Pathway to WHO: Achieving Clean Air in the UK. Environmental Research Group Imperial College. 2022. https:\/\/www.imperial.ac.uk\/media\/imperial-college\/medicine\/sph\/environmental-research-group\/CAF-Technical-Report-Final.pdf","DOI":"10.1289\/isee.2022.O-OP-242"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","unstructured":"Dunnell K Farager R Haberman S Leon D Price D Sloman D. The current and future effects of climate change on health in the UK. Longevity Science Panel; 2022. https:\/\/openaccess.city.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/29202\/1\/LSP_ClimateAndHealth_FINAL.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2020.01247"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11111238"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/rest_a_01430"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2022.v112i8b.16474"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","first-page":"257","article-title":"A review of economic burden and negative health impacts due to air pollution","volume":"2024","author":"Kapoor NR","unstructured":"Kapoor NR, Kumar A, Kumar A, Arora HC, Kumar A. A review of economic burden and negative health impacts due to air pollution. In: Dehghani MH, Karri RR, Vera T, Hassan SKM, eds. Diseases and Health Consequences of Air Pollution. 1st ed. Academic Press; 2024:257-273.","journal-title":"Diseases and Health Consequences of Air Pollution"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/roiw.12512"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-019-02631-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","volume-title":"Assessment of Air Pollution and Prevalence Levels of Respiratory Diseases in Mukuru Informal Settlement in Nairobi City, Kenya","author":"Kipter VK.","unstructured":"Kipter VK. Assessment of Air Pollution and Prevalence Levels of Respiratory Diseases in Mukuru Informal Settlement in Nairobi City, Kenya. Doctoral dissertation. University of Nairobi, 2023."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","first-page":"26","article-title":"Bioremediation of total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in crude oil-contaminated soil using Costus afer plant","volume":"3","author":"Emeka C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Emeka C, Okparanma RN, Achinike OW. Bioremediation of total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in crude oil-contaminated soil using Costus afer plant. Res J Ecol Environ Sci. 2023;3(1):26-36.","journal-title":"Res J Ecol Environ Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11157-004-6653-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.05.115"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.02.075"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","article-title":"Challenges and prospect of environmental remediation\/restoration in Niger delta of Nigeria: the case of Ogoniland","volume":"5","author":"Mmom P","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mmom P, Igbuku A. Challenges and prospect of environmental remediation\/restoration in Niger delta of Nigeria: the case of Ogoniland. J Energy Technol Pol. 2015;5(5):5-10.","journal-title":"J Energy Technol Pol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-22984-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed IB Nwaichi EO Ugwoha E Ugbebor JN Arokoyu SB. Cost reduction strategies in the remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil [version 1; peer review]. Open Research Africa. 2022;5:21.","DOI":"10.12688\/openresafrica.13383.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/24694452.2019.1574551"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rsma.2024.103516"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-15285-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.113492"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2023.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08958378.2024.2331259"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_102_2","volume-title":"Epidemiological assessment of harmful environmentally linked factors and their relationships with environmental justice","author":"Hurbain PR.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hurbain PR. Epidemiological assessment of harmful environmentally linked factors and their relationships with environmental justice. Doctoral dissertation. University of Nevada; 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.141876"}],"container-title":["Environmental Health Insights"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/11786302251343767","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/11786302251343767","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/11786302251343767","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T19:23:45Z","timestamp":1777404225000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/11786302251343767"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":102,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/11786302251343767"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/11786302251343767","relation":{},"ISSN":["1178-6302","1178-6302"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1178-6302","type":"print"},{"value":"1178-6302","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"article-number":"11786302251343767"}}