{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T02:07:18Z","timestamp":1789697238993,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"fogarty international center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D43TW012487"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43TW012487"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environ\ufffdHealth\ufffdInsights"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Money passes through numerous hands daily, creating an ideal medium for the accumulation and transfer of pathogenic microorganisms. Despite this, a comprehensive synthesis of contamination levels on currency is lacking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the prevalence and types of microbial contamination on money.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A systematic search was conducted for studies published up to December 2024. The review followed the PRISMA guidelines. Pooled prevalence estimates were calculated via a random-effects model. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed via the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">I<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00b2 statistic, and sensitivity analyses were performed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 35 studies met the eligibility criteria. The overall pooled prevalence of microbial contamination on money was 12.8% (95% CI: 10.9-14.7). Subgroup analyses revealed pooled prevalence rates of 14.0% (95% CI: 11.1-16.8) for bacteria, 17.0% (95% CI: 12.1-21.8) for fungi, and 9.7% (95% CI: 6.8-12.7) for parasites.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. 20.3% (95,% CI: 10.4-30.2) and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      19.8% (95% CI: 12.7-26.8) were the predominant bacterial isolates, whereas\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Aspergillus niger<\/jats:italic>\n                      42.2% (95% CI: 29.1-55.3) was the most frequently identified fungal species, and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Entamoeba histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n                      was the most frequently identified parasites 18.9% (95% CI: 1.3-36.5). Contamination was greater for paper money 21.3% (95% CI: 13-29.6) than for coins 14.8% (95% CI: 4.3-25.3). Specifically, bacteria were more common on coins 26.4% (95% CI: 8.6-44.2) than on paper money 23.7% (95% CI: 9.5-37.8), whereas parasites were more common on paper money 18.1% (95% CI: 1.2-15.4) than on coins 2.1% (95%, CI: 1.2-3.0). The microbial load of the dirty notes was more 3.0% (95% CI: 2.3-4.1) and that of the newer notes was 2.2% (95% CI: 1.3-3.7).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Money is consistently contaminated with potentially pathogenic microbes. Although direct transmission has not been definitively proven, the frequent presence of clinically significant microorganisms on money poses a credible public health risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/11786302251407936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T04:15:28Z","timestamp":1768796128000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Money and Microbes: A Global Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Currency Contamination"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4906-5522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter Ofori","family":"Appiah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle Bu, Accra, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5761-1564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"Odoom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle Bu, Accra, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patience B.","family":"Tetteh-Quarcoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle Bu, Accra, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5179-546X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric S.","family":"Donkor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle Bu, Accra, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2229411220150308"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34172\/ajcmi.2020.05"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"46","article-title":"Microbial contamination of currency notes and coins in circulation: a potential public health hazard","volume":"2","author":"Alemu A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alemu A. Microbial contamination of currency notes and coins in circulation: a potential public health hazard. Biomed Biotechnol. 2014;2:46-53.","journal-title":"Biomed Biotechnol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"183","article-title":"Isolation and identification of microbial contamination of paper currecncy collected from local night markets in Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia","volume":"21","author":"Ics W","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ics W, Ely T, Nizam S. Isolation and identification of microbial contamination of paper currecncy collected from local night markets in Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. Int J Med Toxicol Leg Med. 2018;21:183-186.","journal-title":"Int J Med Toxicol Leg Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","first-page":"4940","article-title":"Recent inventory on parasitic contamination of Nigeria currency notes in Nsukka metropolis, Enugu State, Nigeria","volume":"20","author":"Nnachi IA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nnachi IA, Isiwu UB, Ezinwa HC, et al. Recent inventory on parasitic contamination of Nigeria currency notes in Nsukka metropolis, Enugu State, Nigeria. Anim Res Int. 2023;20:4940-4946.","journal-title":"Anim Res Int"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","first-page":"75","article-title":"Studies on fungal contamination of current Egyptian paper banknotes","volume":"3","author":"Sahab A","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sahab A, Dissoki B, Sahaba S, et al. Studies on fungal contamination of current Egyptian paper banknotes. Int J Microbiol Res. 2012;3:75-81.","journal-title":"Int J Microbiol Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8833757"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/030360a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Hospital Readiness Checklist for COVID-19 Interim Version. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe; 2020. Accessed January 19 2025. https:\/\/applications.emro.who.int\/docs\/9789290228127-eng.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","first-page":"587","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of microorganisms isolated from Naira notes in Ogbomoso North, Nigeria","volume":"1","author":"Ayandele AA","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ayandele AA, Ayandele SA. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of microorganisms isolated from Naira notes in Ogbomoso North, Nigeria. J Res Biol. 2011;1:587-593.","journal-title":"J Res Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3126\/njst.v10i0.2952"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","first-page":"377","article-title":"Microbial contamination of Indian currency notes in circulation","volume":"2","author":"Pradeep NV","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pradeep NV, Marulasiddaiah BS, Chetana M, et al. Microbial contamination of Indian currency notes in circulation. J Res Biol. 2012;2:377-382.","journal-title":"J Res Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","first-page":"252","article-title":"Currency notes and associated risk of neglected tropical diseases: Study on the Nigerian Naira","volume":"7","author":"George UI","year":"2020","unstructured":"George UI, Ifenyinwa JE. Currency notes and associated risk of neglected tropical diseases: Study on the Nigerian Naira. Int J Res. 2020;7:252-258.","journal-title":"Int J Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14260\/jemds\/2014\/1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20546\/ijcmas.2016.502.082"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jiaphd.jiaphd_77_19"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1972.03190350038011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13070662"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","first-page":"277","article-title":"The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats","volume":"40","author":"Ventola CL","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ventola CL. The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats. Pharm Ther. 2015;40:277.","journal-title":"Pharm Ther"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/ger039"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.10795"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.345.15477"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","first-page":"20","article-title":"Microbial contamination in 20-Peso banknotes in Monterrey, Mexico","volume":"75","author":"Rocha-G\u00e1mez J","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rocha-G\u00e1mez J, Tejeda-Villarreal P, Mac\u00edas-C\u00e1rdenas P, et al. Microbial contamination in 20-Peso banknotes in Monterrey, Mexico. J Environ Health. 2012;75:20-23.","journal-title":"J Environ Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33640\/2405-609X.3239"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","first-page":"54","article-title":"Potential for parasite and bacteria transmission by paper currency in Nigeria","volume":"69","author":"Uneke CJ","year":"2007","unstructured":"Uneke CJ, Ogbu O. Potential for parasite and bacteria transmission by paper currency in Nigeria. J Environ Health. 2007;69:54-60.","journal-title":"J Environ Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","unstructured":"Elumalai EK David E Hemachandran J. Bacterial contamination of Indian currency notes (Rupee). 2012. Accessed November 18 2024. https:\/\/www.sid.ir\/paper\/320251\/fa"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","unstructured":"Khalil MM. Assessment of Bacterial Contamination of Libyan Banknotes and Coins in Circulation in the markets in Benghazi city. 2024. Accessed November 13 2024. https:\/\/gsarpublishers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/GJCMMR012024-Gelary-script.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","first-page":"859","article-title":"Bacterial contamination of Indian paper currency and coins","volume":"6","author":"Anuranjiani CDA","year":"2017","unstructured":"Anuranjiani CDA, Reema K. Bacterial contamination of Indian paper currency and coins. World J Pharm Res. 2017;6:859-863.","journal-title":"World J Pharm Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Parasitological and bacterial contamination of Nigerian currency notes and the antimicrobial resistance of the isolates in Akure, southwestern Nigeria","volume":"9","author":"Tosin A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tosin A, Adeniyi OT, Bunmi AO. Parasitological and bacterial contamination of Nigerian currency notes and the antimicrobial resistance of the isolates in Akure, southwestern Nigeria. Mol Microbiol Res. 2019;9:1-8.","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33073\/pjm-2013-036"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","first-page":"2201","article-title":"Study on fungal contamination of Iraqi paper currency","volume":"20","author":"Al-Tarjuma JK","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al-Tarjuma JK, Abed FNM, Al-Dulaimi FK. Study on fungal contamination of Iraqi paper currency. Biochem Cell Arch. 2020;20(1):2201-2208.","journal-title":"Biochem Cell Arch"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","first-page":"112","article-title":"Evaluation of banknote contamination with bacteria and fungi among falafel vendors in ibb City-Yemen","volume":"5","author":"Esmail A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Esmail A, Al-Warafi E, Hassan S, et al. Evaluation of banknote contamination with bacteria and fungi among falafel vendors in ibb City-Yemen. PSM Microbiol. 2020;5:112-119.","journal-title":"PSM Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","first-page":"1523","article-title":"Mycological contamination of Nigerian currency naira notes in circulation at Badeggi Town, Niger State, Nigeria","volume":"27","author":"Abdullahi AM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abdullahi AM, Takur SA, Bello BO, et al. Mycological contamination of Nigerian currency naira notes in circulation at Badeggi Town, Niger State, Nigeria. J Appl Sci Environ Manag. 2023;27:1523-1526.","journal-title":"J Appl Sci Environ Manag"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","first-page":"221","article-title":"Parasitic organisms on Nigerian currency notes in Ojo local government, Lagos, Nigeria","volume":"4","author":"Oo O","year":"2016","unstructured":"Oo O, Bello SA. Parasitic organisms on Nigerian currency notes in Ojo local government, Lagos, Nigeria. Int J Pure Appl Zool. 2016;4:221-224.","journal-title":"Int J Pure Appl Zool"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15171\/ijep.2019.11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/ARRB\/2016\/24735"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26717\/BJSTR.2021.34.005557"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","first-page":"10","article-title":"A survey of parasite cysts, eggs and bacteria on Nigerian currency in FCT, Abuja","volume":"3","author":"Malau B","year":"2009","unstructured":"Malau B, David Y, Yvoun E. A survey of parasite cysts, eggs and bacteria on Nigerian currency in FCT, Abuja. New York Sci J. 2009;3:10-13.","journal-title":"New York Sci J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","article-title":"A survey of parasite cysts and eggs (Ova) on Nigerian currency notes in Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria","volume":"4","author":"Ombugadu RJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ombugadu RJ, Tongjura JD, Hassan SC, et al. A survey of parasite cysts and eggs (Ova) on Nigerian currency notes in Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. FUW Trends Sci Technol J. 2019;4:083-085.","journal-title":"FUW Trends Sci Technol J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","first-page":"123","article-title":"Microbes associated with currency notes in circulation within Dutsin-Ma Metropolis, Katsina State, Nigeria","volume":"1","author":"Nasiru M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nasiru M, Nuhu I, Bawa JA. Microbes associated with currency notes in circulation within Dutsin-Ma Metropolis, Katsina State, Nigeria. FUDMA J Sci. 2017;1:123-127.","journal-title":"FUDMA J Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14393\/Hygeia1126431"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","first-page":"1252","article-title":"Identification of microbial contamination: isolation from metallic coins","volume":"13","author":"Hasan A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hasan A, Alsharifi N, Abbood M. Identification of microbial contamination: isolation from metallic coins. J Pharm Negat Results. 2022;13:1252-1256.","journal-title":"J Pharm Negat Results"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","first-page":"221","article-title":"Parasitic organisms on nigerian currency notes in Ojo local government, Lagos, Nigeria","volume":"4","author":"Okwa O","year":"2016","unstructured":"Okwa O. Parasitic organisms on nigerian currency notes in Ojo local government, Lagos, Nigeria. Int J Pure Appl Zool. 2016;4:221-224.","journal-title":"Int J Pure Appl Zool"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","first-page":"1533","article-title":"Contaminated money in circulation: a review","volume":"5","author":"Sharma S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sharma S, Sumbali G. Contaminated money in circulation: a review. Int J Recent Sci Res. 2014;5:1533-1540.","journal-title":"Int J Recent Sci Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","first-page":"114","article-title":"Assessment of bacterial contamination of paper currency notes in Bangladesh","volume":"10","author":"Akond MA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Akond MA, Alam S, Zohora FT, et al. Assessment of bacterial contamination of paper currency notes in Bangladesh. ESAIJ. 2015;10:114-120.","journal-title":"ESAIJ"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-010-9025-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110559"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/314078"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/rjmhs.v2i3.10"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-2171"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.13.161"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31646\/gbio.93"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aambs.2017.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-02809-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192215345"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","article-title":"A review on emerging fungal infections and their significance","volume":"1","author":"Ravikant KT","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ravikant KT, Gupte S, Kaur M. A review on emerging fungal infections and their significance. J Bacteriol Mycol Open Access. 2015;1:00009.","journal-title":"J Bacteriol Mycol Open Access"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-6445-1_20"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-6948-3_9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.99484"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23466"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/520277"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7020081"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Parasite contamination of Nigerian currency (paper and polymer notes) in the ihiala local government area of Anamber State, Nigeria","volume":"10","author":"Orji N","year":"2012","unstructured":"Orji N, Esiaka E, Anyaegbunam L. Parasite contamination of Nigerian currency (paper and polymer notes) in the ihiala local government area of Anamber State, Nigeria. Internet J Infect Dis. 2012;10:1-5.","journal-title":"Internet J Infect Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/22122710MTA3eOTIl5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasrep.2016.08.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0171-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_2","first-page":"699","volume-title":"Hunter\u2019s Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Diseases","author":"Shirley DA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shirley DA, Hung CC, Moonah S. Entamoeba histolytica (amebiasis). In: Hunter\u2019s Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Diseases. Elsevier. 2022;699-706."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15406\/ijvv.2017.04.00082"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_2","first-page":"23","article-title":"Barriers to e-commerce in developing countries","volume":"3","author":"Lawrence JE","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lawrence JE, Tar UA. Barriers to e-commerce in developing countries. Inf Soc Justice J. 2010;3:23-35.","journal-title":"Inf Soc Justice J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_2","unstructured":"U.S Federal Reserve. How long is the life span of U.S. paper money? U.S. Federal Reserve; 2018. Accessed December 28 2024. https:\/\/www.federalreserve.gov\/faqs\/how-long-is-the-life-span-of-us-paper-money.htm"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-16299-3_3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_2","unstructured":"Goher AS. A comparative study between paper and polymer banknotes. 2012. Accessed January 1 2025. https:\/\/repository.nauss.edu.sa\/handle\/123456789\/59428"}],"container-title":["Environmental Health Insights"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/11786302251407936","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/11786302251407936","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/11786302251407936","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T19:23:54Z","timestamp":1777404234000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/11786302251407936"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":77,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/11786302251407936"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/11786302251407936","relation":{},"ISSN":["1178-6302","1178-6302"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1178-6302","type":"print"},{"value":"1178-6302","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"article-number":"11786302251407936"}}