{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T13:07:35Z","timestamp":1789736855016,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environ&amp;#65533;Health&amp;#65533;Insights"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The wastewater effluent is a hotspot for a multitude of microorganisms, including environmental pathogens, true human pathogens, and animal pathogens. In the absence of standardized wastewater treatment facilities, these pathogens contaminate surface and groundwater, further contributing to the spread of drug-resistant bacteria. This study aimed to investigate the bacteriological profiles and antibiotic resistance patterns in hospital wastewater in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2023 to March 2024. Wastewater samples were collected from 2 hospitals using a grab sampling technique. Bacteria were identified using standard biochemical tests and MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Data were verified for completeness and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 27. From the total samples collected, 219 bacterial isolates were recovered. The dominant bacteria were\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (57\/219; 26%) and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    (47\/219; 21.5%).\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    showed the highest resistance levels to cefuroxime and tetracyclines, each (32\/57; 85.1%). The magnitude of ESBLs and carbapenemase producers were (37\/195; 19%), and (6\/195; 3.1%), respectively. Overall, (115\/219; 52.5%) of the isolates were multidrug-resistant. Wastewater generated from hospitals contaminate downstream rivers and pose public health risk. Therefore, proper wastewater treatment is needed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/11786302261444503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T04:26:01Z","timestamp":1777868761000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Bacteriological Profile and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Wastewater Effluents in 2 Hospitals of Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0787-0814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baye Maru","family":"Derso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia"},{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Science, Debre Berhan University, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7613-9015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bayable Atnafu","family":"Kassa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3687-8230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tesfaye Admassu","family":"Abate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5302-0919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alemayehu Godana","family":"Birhanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5082-8573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Misganu Yadesa","family":"Tesema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, College of Natural and Computational Science, Dambi Dollo University, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4103-5029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tesfaye Sisay","family":"Tessema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004264"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01867-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17041183"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135550"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10091059"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-215"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2009.02572.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.09.217"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-022-00437-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164179"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118151"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.123155"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jms.jms_25_17"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12102084"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1193907"},{"issue":"02","key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Contamination of rivers and water reservoirs in and around Addis Ababa City and actions to combat it","volume":"01","author":"Yohannes H","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yohannes H, Elias E. Contamination of rivers and water reservoirs in and around Addis Ababa City and actions to combat it. Cent Environ Sci Coll Nat Sci Ababa Univ. 2017;01(02):1-12.","journal-title":"Cent Environ Sci Coll Nat Sci Ababa Univ"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","unstructured":"Suleiman Obsa M Melekamayhu wahidi A Admas W Girma Woji B. Evaluation and Assosated Factors at Menelik II Referal Hospital Addis Ababa Ethiopia. core.ac.uk. 2017;35. https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/234697631.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18203\/issn.2454-2156.IntJSciRep20170359"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266888"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","unstructured":"Bekele B. Assessment of Effluent Characteristics and Wastewater Management Practices in Selected Hospitals of Addis Ababa Ethiopia. Master Thesis. Addis Ababa University; 2021. https:\/\/etd.aau.edu.et\/bitstreams\/06e8cbea-1d80-41a9-bbcf-65f59a5fdbf4\/download"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","unstructured":"Duncan D Walker M Harvey F. Regulatory Monitoring and Testing: Water and Wastewater Sampling. Environment Protection Authority; 2007. https:\/\/www.epa.sa.gov.au\/files\/8494_guide_wws.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822007000400012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03693-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","unstructured":"Garcia L. Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook. 2010. Accessed March 27 2025. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Fu2rBAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA7&dq=Garcia +L.S. +Clinical+microbiology+procedures+handbook.+Vol.+1.+2010:+American+Society+for+Microbiology+Press.&ots=p5vmsvm-Kj&sig=gi7_v1nM7-FZZOwwisoXfTrIWBc"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Clinical Veterinary Microbiology","author":"Quinn PJ","year":"1994","unstructured":"Quinn PJ, Carter ME, Markey PK, Carter GR. Enterobacteriacae. In: Quinn PJ, Carter ME, Markey BK, Carter GR, eds. Clinical Veterinary Microbiology. Wolfe Publishing; 1994;47-48."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","volume-title":"Bergey\u2019s Manual\u00ae of Systematic Bacteriology","author":"Brenner DJ.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brenner DJ. Bergey\u2019s Manual\u00ae of Systematic Bacteriology. Springer US; 2005."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.mim.2015.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","volume-title":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing","author":"CLSI","year":"2024","unstructured":"CLSI. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. CLSI; 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121211039097"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/aim.2017.712067"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10010020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42824-021-00046-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S364324"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14111058"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13090787"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz503"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-025-03783-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13040374"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","volume-title":"National Guidelines for TB, DR-TB, and Leprosy in Ethiopia","author":"Federal Ministry of Health","year":"2017","unstructured":"Federal Ministry of Health. National Guidelines for TB, DR-TB, and Leprosy in Ethiopia. Federal Ministry of Health; 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15343\/0104-7809.20094385391"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.134660"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2011.05072.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","unstructured":"Adekanmbi AO Adeyemi AO Olajide OM. Occurrence of multidrug resistant and extended s pectrum \u03b2-lactamase ( ESBL ) - producing Escherichia coli in wastewater of two healthcare facilities in Ibadan Nigeria. World News Nat Sci. 2019;26:167-175. https:\/\/bibliotekanauki.pl\/articles\/1076664.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0588-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01906-19"}],"container-title":["Environmental Health Insights"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/11786302261444503","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/11786302261444503","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/11786302261444503","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T10:46:48Z","timestamp":1778064408000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/11786302261444503"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/11786302261444503"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/11786302261444503","relation":{},"ISSN":["1178-6302","1178-6302"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1178-6302","type":"print"},{"value":"1178-6302","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"article-number":"11786302261444503"}}