{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T11:47:54Z","timestamp":1785757674179,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environ&amp;#65533;Health&amp;#65533;Insights"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim and background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ticks are hematophagous ectoparasites of veterinary and public health relevance. This study examines the seasonal distribution, host-specific burden, and species composition of ticks infesting domestic animals in the Wayanad district of Kerala, India.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A longitudinal field survey was conducted from 2022 to 2024 across 40 locations in 3 ecological zones of Wayanad. Ticks were manually collected from domestic animals; cattle, goats, dogs, and cats during 3 seasons: monsoon, winter, and summer. Collected ticks were morphologically identified to the species level. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, and Kruskal\u2013Wallis\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H<\/jats:italic>\n                      tests (\u03b1\u2009=\u2009.05) were performed using Jamovi (v2.6.44). Additionally, a negative binomial regression model was fitted using R (v4.2.2) to identify predictors of tick burden.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 2562 ticks were collected. Tick abundance was highest during the monsoon (1231; 48.06%), followed by winter (965; 37.66%) and summer (366; 14.28%). Cattle accounted for the highest tick load (n\u2009=\u20091529; 59.7%), followed by goats (592; 23.1%), dogs (313; 12.2%), and cats (128; 5.0%). Mean tick burden per animal was highest in Zone 1 (12.79\u2009\u00b1\u20096.01), and lowest in Zone 3 (10.20\u2009\u00b1\u20095.37). Seasonally, winter showed the highest mean burden (4.91\u2009\u00b1\u20093.63). Seven tick species from 3 genera were identified, with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Haemaphysalis bispinosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      being the most dominant. Regression analysis identified season and host as significant predictors. Compared to monsoon, summer burden was lower (IRR\u2009=\u20090.36; 95% CI: 0.32-0.41;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001), while winter was moderately higher (IRR\u2009=\u20091.15; CI: 1.05-1.25;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.0017). Cattle exhibited a 4.05-fold higher burden than cats (IRR\u2009=\u20094.05; CI: 3.39-4.87;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The presence of zoonotic tick vectors across hosts, seasons, and zones indicates high epidemiological risk the need for integrated ecological surveillance and region-specific tick control strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/11786302261452465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T13:05:06Z","timestamp":1785503106000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Seasonal and Spatial Dynamics of Tick Infestation in Domestic Animals of Wayanad Forest Region, Southern India: A Longitudinal Survey"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4557-9430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mannarakkal Thazham Swathy","family":"Viswanath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore, India"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, MIMS College of Allied Health Sciences, Aster MIMS Academy, Malappuram, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2516-3765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rouchelle Charmaine","family":"Tellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sohanlal","family":"Thiruvoth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Head Infection Control, Kuwait Hospital, Sharjah, UAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1389-8764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vipin","family":"Viswanath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Transplant Immunology, Aster MIMS Hospital, Calicut, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0637-114X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koyyan","family":"Prakasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate &amp; Research Department of Zoology, Maharaja\u2019s College (Affiliated to Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala), Ernakulam, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5244-0013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mannarakkal Thazham Sneha","family":"Viswanath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, MIMS College of Allied Health Sciences, Aster MIMS Academy, Malappuram, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5737-1510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manathottathil","family":"Aiswarya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate &amp; Research Department of Zoology, Maharaja\u2019s College (Affiliated to Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala), Ernakulam, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"34","article-title":"Tick-borne zoonoses: emerging threats in tropical ecosystems","volume":"212","author":"Brite J","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brite J, Smith R, Adams A. 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