{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T07:02:38Z","timestamp":1784530958109,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health\ufffdServ\ufffdInsights"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Rising pharmaceutical expenditure poses a persistent governance challenge for public health systems in low- and middle-income countries, yet empirical evidence on pricing in Business-to-Government (B2G) settings remains scarce. This scarcity reflects a fundamental constraint where administrative procurement records are rarely accessible for independent analysis. This study addresses that gap by exploiting rare access to 26,652 medication transaction records from Thailand\u2019s Comptroller General\u2019s Department (CGD) for 2019\u20132024. Using acute pain medications, a semi-logarithmic hedonic regression decomposes price variation into product-level and institutional-level determinants. Internal product characteristics, including pharmacological class, dosage form, formulation technology, and brand status, account for the majority of price variation. Conventional market mechanisms, such as competitive pressure and procurement volume, generate no meaningful price reduction once product composition is controlled. Institutional governance factors, however, are associated with significant residual effects. Hospitals under non-Ministry of Public Health ministries are associated with price premiums of 13\u201329% for equivalent products, while Government Pharmaceutical Organization procurement is associated with a 9.6% price reduction. These findings indicate that product characteristics are the dominant drivers of pharmaceutical price variation in B2G markets, while institutional governance factors are associated with residual price differences after controlling for product composition. These residual differences may have relevant implications for procurement practices in fragmented public health systems. Note on causal inference: All reported associations are based on observational cross-sectional data and should not be interpreted as evidence of causal relationships. The regression coefficients reflect conditional correlations between procurement prices and their covariates, controlling for observed product and institutional characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/11786329261471004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T11:48:41Z","timestamp":1784288921000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Deconstructing Pharmaceutical Prices in a Government-Controlled Market: A Hedonic Regression Analysis of B2G Procurement in Thailand"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Jittakorn","family":"Thila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Development Administration"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3213-4698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piriya","family":"Pholphirul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Development Administration"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czt105"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40545-016-0056-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph111111840"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","first-page":"941","article-title":"Uncertainty and the welfare economics of medical care","volume":"53","author":"Arrow KJ","year":"1963","unstructured":"Arrow KJ. Uncertainty and the welfare economics of medical care. Am Econ Rev. 1963;53(5):941-973.","journal-title":"Am Econ Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zefq.2014.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-0826-6_10"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.TN.1811"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.2887"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6296(99)00027-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40545-023-00641-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1787\/643587187107"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","volume-title":"WHO Guideline on Country Pharmaceutical Pricing Policies","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO Guideline on Country Pharmaceutical Pricing Policies. 2nd ed. World Health Organization; 2020.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000352"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226239521.003.0011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","volume-title":"Cost-Benefit Analysis: Concepts and Practice","author":"Boardman AE","year":"2006","unstructured":"Boardman AE, Greenberg DH, Vining AR, Weimer DL. Cost-Benefit Analysis: Concepts and Practice. 3rd ed. Prentice Hall; 2006.","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/260169"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2012.04455.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226132334.003.0015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","volume-title":"Rang & Dale's Pharmacology","author":"Rang HP","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM, Flower RJ, Henderson G. Rang & Dale's Pharmacology. 7th ed. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2011.","edition":"7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2785\/34007"}],"container-title":["Health Services Insights"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/11786329261471004","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/11786329261471004","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/11786329261471004","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T06:17:54Z","timestamp":1784528274000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/11786329261471004"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":20,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/11786329261471004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/11786329261471004","relation":{},"ISSN":["1178-6329","1178-6329"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1178-6329","type":"print"},{"value":"1178-6329","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"article-number":"11786329261471004"}}