{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T18:08:27Z","timestamp":1791655707073,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nutr Metab Insights"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Garlic, as an additive, a spice, and an ancient herbal medicine, has been proposed as a potential treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This systematic review and meta-analysis provides a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of garlic supplementation on fasting blood sugar (FBS), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and lipid profile in patients with T2DM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All articles published up to November 2024 were reviewed through the PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science databases to gather all randomized clinical trials (RCTs) on T2DM patients in which garlic was used as a treatment. A random-effects model was used to measure pooled effect sizes. Weighted mean differences (WMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to report pooled effect sizes. Subgroup analysis was utilized to investigate heterogeneity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Finally, 8 studies were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Our pooled meta-analysis showed a significant decrease in FBS after garlic therapy based on 10 effect sizes (WMD: \u221212.41; 95% CI: \u221215.13 to \u22129.69;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\u00b2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200999.2%) and in HbA1C based on 7 effect sizes (WMD: \u22120.5; 95% CI: \u22120.66 to \u22120.33;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\u00b2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200996.4%). Also, total cholesterol (TC) was significantly reduced (WMD: \u22128.26; 95% CI: \u221214.65 to \u22121.88;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\u00b2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200990.9%) based on 7 effect sizes, while changes in HDL-C, TG, and LDL-C were not significant overall. However, when garlic was combined with oral hypoglycemic agents, a significant reduction in LDL-C was observed (WMD: \u22128.64; 95% CI: \u221210.54 to \u22126.78;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\u00b2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200995.6%) compared to garlic alone. Moreover, longer duration of garlic supplementation significantly improved all lipid profiles in patients with T2DM. Significant improvements in HDL-C, LDL-C, and TC were also noted in older patients after garlic therapy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis support the potential effect of garlic therapy for the management of T2DM. However, due to the low quality of the studies included in this review, further high-quality RCTs should be conducted based on our findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PROSPERO registration number:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CRD42024628780.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/11786388251413660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T16:36:16Z","timestamp":1770914176000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Therapeutic Effect of Garlic Supplements on the Metabolic Profile of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Anahita","family":"Ebrahimzadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Safargar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milad","family":"Rajabzadeh-Dehkordi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran"},{"name":"Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran"},{"name":"Nutrition Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faezeh","family":"Nematolahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahsa","family":"Samadani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran"},{"name":"Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laya","family":"Saeid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abbas","family":"Mohtashamian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Ali","family":"Izadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Science, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9470-0304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armin","family":"Ebrahimzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran"},{"name":"Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran"},{"name":"Nutrition Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran"},{"name":"Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Reza","family":"Safarpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpmed.2014.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05245-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-9531.127541"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph12040152"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"50","article-title":"Review of the case reports on metformin, sulfonylurea, and thiazolidinedione therapies in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients","volume":"11","author":"Susilawati E","year":"2023","unstructured":"Susilawati E, Levita J, Susilawati Y, Sumiwi SA. 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