{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T23:14:47Z","timestamp":1777936487814,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J\ufffdTryptophan\ufffdRes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tumor-associated macrophages are immune cells with diverse functions in tumor development. Among other functions, they downregulate immune-mediated tumor rejection by depriving lymphocytes of nutrients. The essential amino acid tryptophan is metabolized by the enzymes indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 is expressed in a large number of human tumors, and inhibitors are in development to improve immunotherapy. Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase was also found in human tumors and preclinical working models confirmed its immunosuppressive power. We explored a potential expression of TDO by macrophages. This enzyme could be induced in two human cell lines, THP-1 and U937, by incubation with phorbol myristate acetate, lipopolysaccharide, and interferon gamma. Phorbol-myristate-acetate-mediated induction was inhibited by rottlerin, a protein kinase C inhibitor. In contrast to these monocytic cell lines, other cell lines or fresh human monocytes isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and differentiated into proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory macrophages could not be induced to express TDO. Our results suggest that TDO might play an immunosuppressive role in human monocytic leukemias but not in untransformed macrophages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1178646919891736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,26]],"date-time":"2019-12-26T06:24:22Z","timestamp":1577341462000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Induction of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase expression in human monocytic leukemia\/lymphoma cell lines THP-1 and U937"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Delia","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Pilotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"de 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