{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:35:39Z","timestamp":1792017339771,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Exp Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>There is growing public concern surrounding traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI can cause significant morbidity, and the long-term sequelae are poorly understood. TBI diagnosis and management rely on patient-reported symptoms and subjective clinical assessment. There are no biologic tools to detect mild TBI or to track brain recovery. Emerging evidence suggests that microRNAs (miRNAs) may provide information about the injured brain. These tiny epigenetic molecules are expressed throughout the body. However, they are particularly important in neurons, can cross the blood-brain barrier, and are securely transported from cell to cell, where they regulate gene expression. miRNA levels may identify patients with TBI and predict symptom duration. This review synthesizes miRNA findings from 14 human studies. We distill more than 291 miRNAs to 17 biomarker candidates that overlap across multiple studies and multiple biofluids. The goal of this review is to establish a collective understanding of miRNA biology in TBI and identify clinical priorities for future investigations of this promising biomarker.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1179069519832286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]],"date-time":"2019-03-08T04:45:41Z","timestamp":1552020341000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":122,"title":["A Review of MicroRNA Biomarkers in Traumatic Brain Injury"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hamna","family":"Atif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9579-6798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven D","family":"Hicks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.9087"},{"key":"bibr2-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-095959"},{"key":"bibr3-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.2853"},{"key":"bibr4-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-1431"},{"key":"bibr5-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2012-091796"},{"key":"bibr6-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6059-49.2.03"},{"key":"bibr7-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.12220"},{"key":"bibr8-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2013.9"},{"key":"bibr9-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2012.2439"},{"key":"bibr10-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2014.00005"},{"key":"bibr11-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1121566"},{"key":"bibr12-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gki200"},{"key":"bibr13-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1091903"},{"key":"bibr14-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2008.00061.x"},{"key":"bibr15-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.107.163147"},{"key":"bibr16-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/484696"},{"key":"bibr17-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.05.017"},{"key":"bibr18-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.01.023"},{"key":"bibr19-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-012-1541-2"},{"key":"bibr20-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000255525.34956.3F"},{"key":"bibr21-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000280002.41696.D8"},{"key":"bibr22-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21945"},{"key":"bibr23-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2010.1481"},{"key":"bibr24-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2009.186"},{"key":"bibr25-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039357"},{"key":"bibr26-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103948"},{"key":"bibr27-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2011.33"},{"key":"bibr28-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70120-6"},{"key":"bibr29-1179069519832286","unstructured":"Fischer H. U.S. military casualty statistics: operation new dawn, operation Iraqi freedom, and operation enduring freedom; 2013. https:\/\/apps.dtic.mil\/docs\/citations\/ADA590694."},{"key":"bibr30-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.00000000000020282018"},{"key":"bibr31-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30231-X"},{"key":"bibr32-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3181bbd485"},{"key":"bibr33-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181b788ab"},{"key":"bibr34-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-007-0008-x"},{"key":"bibr35-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.410944"},{"key":"bibr36-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku594"},{"key":"bibr37-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5111"},{"key":"bibr38-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2018.00290"},{"key":"bibr39-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2016.12.009"},{"key":"bibr40-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-015-0195-x"},{"key":"bibr41-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-094112"},{"key":"bibr42-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617712000872"},{"key":"bibr43-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2011.635354"},{"key":"bibr44-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/026990599121692"},{"key":"bibr45-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001073"},{"key":"bibr46-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-2988"},{"key":"bibr47-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050600676370"},{"key":"bibr48-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.1203"},{"key":"bibr49-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.3884"},{"key":"bibr50-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acs050"},{"key":"bibr51-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2011-302078"},{"key":"bibr52-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2014.974673"},{"key":"bibr53-1179069519832286","first-page":"179","volume-title":"Pharmacological Management of Headaches","volume":"2016","author":"Jensen RH"},{"key":"bibr54-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2014.965207"},{"key":"bibr55-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2012.2545"},{"key":"bibr56-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.0039"},{"key":"bibr57-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000001226"},{"key":"bibr58-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.10.066"},{"key":"bibr59-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5046"},{"key":"bibr60-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2011.01.005"},{"key":"bibr61-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28148"},{"key":"bibr62-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.6100"},{"key":"bibr63-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03256301"},{"key":"bibr64-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2014.02.013"},{"key":"bibr65-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2003.08.005"},{"key":"bibr66-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jb\/mvq113"},{"key":"bibr67-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2885"},{"key":"bibr68-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0030085"},{"key":"bibr69-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btn628"},{"key":"bibr70-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-13-33"},{"key":"bibr71-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2013.93"},{"key":"bibr72-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.783108"},{"key":"bibr73-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2009.42.3.131"},{"key":"bibr74-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.026492.112"},{"key":"bibr75-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2013.01.001"},{"key":"bibr76-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aem131"},{"key":"bibr77-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.01.009"},{"key":"bibr78-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2211-5463.12092"},{"key":"bibr79-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506654102"},{"key":"bibr80-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.091202"},{"key":"bibr81-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1260-14.2014"},{"key":"bibr82-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/08977150151071035"},{"key":"bibr83-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2009.131797"},{"key":"bibr84-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.12.7053"},{"key":"bibr85-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.13635"},{"key":"bibr86-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22363"},{"key":"bibr87-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600396"},{"key":"bibr88-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2210"},{"key":"bibr89-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-01-030015"},{"key":"bibr90-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1596"},{"key":"bibr91-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003148"},{"key":"bibr92-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4857"},{"key":"bibr93-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjtee.2016.01.004"},{"key":"bibr94-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13534"},{"key":"bibr95-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2012.2596"},{"key":"bibr96-1179069519832286","first-page":"88","volume":"1","author":"Pasinetti GM","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Neurodegener Dis"},{"key":"bibr97-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.4281"},{"key":"bibr98-1179069519832286","first-page":"A2","volume":"51","author":"Zhangjie S","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"bibr99-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207785"},{"key":"bibr100-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145713000941"},{"key":"bibr101-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2003.03078.x"},{"key":"bibr102-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1174381"},{"key":"bibr103-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-01-264812"},{"key":"bibr104-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/isl.1.2.9578"},{"key":"bibr105-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6605530"},{"key":"bibr106-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35000025"},{"key":"bibr107-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pathol.2.010506.134925"},{"key":"bibr108-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.13.6.643"},{"key":"bibr109-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000783"},{"key":"bibr110-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2014.221341"},{"key":"bibr111-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2353\/jmoldx.2008.070153"},{"key":"bibr112-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2013.00083"},{"key":"bibr113-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3014"},{"key":"bibr114-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-016-0586-x"},{"key":"bibr115-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198288"},{"key":"bibr116-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.04.005"},{"key":"bibr117-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.03.004"},{"key":"bibr118-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/gen.38.13.03"},{"key":"bibr119-1179069519832286","first-page":"33","volume-title":"Advances in Salivary Diagnostics","volume":"2015","author":"Slowey PD"},{"key":"bibr120-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2006.075598"},{"key":"bibr121-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00035.2018"},{"key":"bibr122-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487312467902"},{"key":"bibr123-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0854-4"},{"key":"bibr124-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922814526979"},{"key":"bibr125-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-2600"},{"key":"bibr126-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2001.tb00208.x"},{"key":"bibr127-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.73.6.727"},{"key":"bibr128-1179069519832286","first-page":"705309","volume":"2012","author":"Baker JG","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rehabil Res Pract"},{"key":"bibr129-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0000000000000008"},{"key":"bibr130-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431x20144012"},{"key":"bibr131-1179069519832286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-015-0584-8"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1179069519832286","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1179069519832286","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1179069519832286","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T21:03:26Z","timestamp":1777410206000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1179069519832286"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"references-count":131,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1179069519832286"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1179069519832286","relation":{},"ISSN":["1179-0695","1179-0695"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1179-0695","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-0695","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"article-number":"1179069519832286"}}