{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T23:15:13Z","timestamp":1777936513051,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmol Eye Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>English surgeon John Taylor attempted to perform strabismus surgery in the 18th century. The field languished until, in Germany, treatment of strabismus by cutting an extraocular muscle was proposed by Louis Stromeyer in 1838 and performed by Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach in 1839. According to traditional teaching, there has never been any proof that anyone in the United States thought of the idea of strabismus surgery before Stromeyer\u2019s report. In 1841, American surgeon William Gibson wrote that he had cut extraocular muscles to treat strabismus several times beginning in 1818 but never published his cases. Gibson\u2019s former trainee Alexander E Hosack of New York confirmed Gibson\u2019s memory. Interestingly, Hosack\u2019s family had a connection with the family of New York oculist John Scudder Jr (1807-1843), whose reported cure of strabismus by cutting some of the fibers of an extraocular muscle was described in newspapers throughout the United States in 1837. Thus, Scudder\u2019s report preceded that of Stromeyer. Scudder\u2019s claim cannot be verified, but his description could have influenced Stromeyer, and demonstrates that the idea of strabismus surgery did exist in America before 1838.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1179172117729367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,11]],"date-time":"2017-09-11T05:31:57Z","timestamp":1505107917000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["American Insight Into Strabismus Surgery Before 1838"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Christopher T","family":"Leffler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen G","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Naples, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John Q","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1179172117729367","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.51.10.667"},{"key":"bibr2-1179172117729367","first-page":"119","volume":"3","author":"Flick H.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Hist Ophthalmol Int"},{"key":"bibr3-1179172117729367","first-page":"67","volume":"1","author":"Schwartz SG","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hist Ophthalmol Int"},{"key":"bibr4-1179172117729367","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09273972.2015.1099709"},{"key":"bibr5-1179172117729367","unstructured":"Atwell SY. Origin of the Operation for Strabismus. The British and Foreign Medical Review. XII. London: Churchill; 1841: 564."},{"key":"bibr6-1179172117729367","unstructured":"Cooper S, Reese DM. A Dictionary of Practical Surgery. New York: Harper; 1848: 127."},{"key":"bibr7-1179172117729367","unstructured":"United States Newspaper Archives 1690-2016. http:\/\/genealogybank.com\/explore\/newspapers\/all. Accessed May 1, 2017."},{"key":"bibr8-1179172117729367","first-page":"2","volume":"9931","author":"For the purpose of establishing an eye and ear infirmary","year":"1834","journal-title":"Evening Post"},{"key":"bibr9-1179172117729367","first-page":"2","volume":"9","author":"Carnochan JM.","year":"1840","journal-title":"Newark Dly Advert (Newark, New Jersey)"},{"key":"bibr10-1179172117729367","unstructured":"Rambusch CG. Museums and Other Collections in New York City, 1790-1870. New York: New York University; 1965: 42."},{"key":"bibr11-1179172117729367","first-page":"4","author":"When a person departs this life","year":"1821","journal-title":"National Advocate for the Country"},{"key":"bibr12-1179172117729367","unstructured":"Pintard J, Barck DC. Letters from John Pintard to His Daughter, Eliza Noel Pintard Davidson, 1816-1833 (Vol. 2). New York: New-York Historical Society; 1940: 72. https:\/\/archive.org\/stream\/lettersfromjohnp712pint#page\/72\/mode\/2up."},{"key":"bibr13-1179172117729367","unstructured":"Scudder J. A Companion to the American Museum: Being a Catalogue of Upwards of Fifty Thousand Natural and Foreign Curiosities, Antiquities, and Productions of the Fine Arts: Now Open for Public Inspection, in the New-York Institution, Park, Broadway. New York: Hopkins; 1823: vi-vii."},{"key":"bibr14-1179172117729367","unstructured":"Thomas MH. Columbia University Officers and Alumni, 1754-1857, Compiled for the Committee on General Catalogue. New York: Columbia University Press; 1936: 242."},{"issue":"1070","key":"bibr15-1179172117729367","first-page":"4","author":"College of Physicians and Surgeons in the City of New-York","year":"1823","journal-title":"Albany Argus"},{"key":"bibr16-1179172117729367","first-page":"2","volume":"8","author":"Scudder J.","year":"1837","journal-title":"Albany Evening J (Albany, New York)"},{"key":"bibr17-1179172117729367","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1179172117721902."},{"key":"bibr18-1179172117729367","first-page":"3","author":"Scudder J.","year":"1829","journal-title":"Greensburgh Gazette and Farmers\u2019 and Mechanicks\u2019 Register"},{"key":"bibr19-1179172117729367","first-page":"1","author":"Scudder J.","year":"1827","journal-title":"American and Commercial Daily Advertiser"},{"key":"bibr20-1179172117729367","first-page":"23","volume":"3","author":"Artificial eyes, Dr. Scudder, the ingenious oculist","year":"1830","journal-title":"Boston Med Surg J"},{"key":"bibr21-1179172117729367","first-page":"2","author":"Scudder J.","year":"1828","journal-title":"Commercial Advertiser"},{"key":"bibr22-1179172117729367","first-page":"2","author":"Scudder J.","year":"1832","journal-title":"Commercial Advertiser"},{"key":"bibr23-1179172117729367","first-page":"2","author":"Scudder J.","year":"1833","journal-title":"Commercial Advertiser"},{"issue":"269","key":"bibr24-1179172117729367","first-page":"2","volume":"5","author":"Scudder J.","year":"1837","journal-title":"Newark Daily Advertiser"},{"issue":"254","key":"bibr25-1179172117729367","first-page":"2","author":"Scudder J.","year":"1837","journal-title":"New York Herald"},{"key":"bibr26-1179172117729367","first-page":"4","author":"Scudder J.","year":"1837","journal-title":"New York American for the Country"},{"issue":"26","key":"bibr27-1179172117729367","first-page":"416","volume":"5","author":"Scudder J.","year":"1837","journal-title":"Thomsonian Recorder"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr28-1179172117729367","first-page":"79","volume":"3","author":"Scudder J.","year":"1838","journal-title":"The Western Medical Reformer"},{"key":"bibr29-1179172117729367","first-page":"97","volume":"107","author":"Wright KW.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"issue":"18","key":"bibr30-1179172117729367","first-page":"73","author":"Griffith","year":"1842","journal-title":"New York Lancet"},{"key":"bibr31-1179172117729367","first-page":"2","volume":"10822","author":"A Hoax\u2014the story of Doctor Scudder\u2019s operation on the eye of a young lady of Charleston, S.C., proves to have been unfounded","year":"1837","journal-title":"Evening Post"},{"key":"bibr32-1179172117729367","unstructured":"Detmold WL. An Essay on Club Foot: and Some Analogous Diseases. 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